Tšusumetso ea Lintho tse sa pheleng hantle 'meleng oa limela
Metabolism ea limela ke kakaretso ea lik'hemik'hale tsohle tse etsahalang ka har'a lisele tsa limela ho ts'ehetsa bophelo, kholo le nts'etsopele. Metabolism e akaretsa lihlopha tse peli tse kholo tsa lits'ebetso: anabolism (tlhahiso ea metsoako e rarahaneng, joalo ka photosynthesis le synthesis ea protheine) le catabolism (ho senyeha ha metsoako ho hlahisa matla, joalo ka ho hema). Katleho ea lits'ebetso tsena tse peli ha e laoloe ke mabaka a liphatsa tsa lefutso feela empa hape le ke maemo a tikoloho. Mabaka a tikoloho a sa pheleng, a bitsoang mabaka a abiotic, a kenyelletsa leseli, mocheso, metsi, mongobo, pH ea mobu, letsoai, limatlafatsi, moea le likhase tse kang CO₂ le O₂. Liphetoho linthong tse sa biotic li ka eketsa kapa tsa fokotsa katleho ea metabolism ea limela , esita le ho baka khatello ea maikutlo e sitisang tlhahiso.
1. Metabolism ea leseli le ea photosynthesis
Leseli ke ntlha ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ea abiotic hobane ke mohloli oa matla bakeng sa photosynthesis. Ts'ebetsong ena, chlorophyll e hapa matla a leseli ho fetolela CO₂ le metsi hore e be tsoekere le oksijene. Matla a leseli, boleng (bolelele ba maqhubu), le nako ea ho pepesehela (photoperiod) li susumetsa sekhahla sa photosynthesis.
Ka matla a khanya a tlase, photosynthesis e lieha hobane matla a hapuoang ke chlorophyll a lekanyelitsoe. Ha matla a khanya a ntse a eketseha, sekhahla sa photosynthesis sea eketseha ho fihlela se fihla ntlheng ea ho tlala. Kamora moo, ho eketsa matla a khanya ha ho sa eketsa photosynthesis hobane lintlha tse ling (tse kang CO₂ kapa mocheso) lia fokotseha. Leseli le matla haholo le ka baka ho thibeloa ha photoinhibition, e leng tšenyo ho li-photosystem, haholo-holo Photosystem II, hoo katleho ea photosynthesis e fokotsehang. Ho phaella moo, spectrum ea leseli le leputsoa le lefubelu e sebetsa hantle bakeng sa photosynthesis ho feta e tala, hobane chlorophyll e monya bofubelu le boputsoa bo bongata.
Leseli le boetse le laola metabolism ka lihormone le liphatsa tsa lefutso, mohlala, tse susumetsang ho thehoa ha chlorophyll, ho buleha ha stomata le ho thunya ha lipalesa. Kahoo, leseli ha le sebetse feela e le mohloli oa matla empa hape e le lets'oao le tataisang litsela tsa metabolism ea limela.
2. Mocheso le ts'ebetso ea enzyme
Bongata ba dikarabelo tsa metabolism ya dimela di laolwa ke dienzyme. Hobane dienzyme di na le mocheso o motle, mocheso wa tikoloho o laola haholo lebelo la dikarabelo tsa metabolism. Ka kakaretso, mocheso o ntseng o eketseha o tla eketsa lebelo la karabelo ho fihlela o fihla ntlheng e ntle, ha matla a kinetic a dimolek'hule a ntse a eketseha, e leng se fellang ka ho thulana kgafetsa pakeng tsa dimolek'hule. Leha ho le jwalo, dithempereichara tse phahameng haholo di ka senya dibopeho tsa dienzyme (denaturation), tsa thibela tshebetso ya lera la sele , mme tsa baka kgatello ya mocheso.
Mocheso o boetse o ama tekano pakeng tsa photosynthesis le ho hema. Maemong a mocheso o phahameng, ho hema hangata ho feta photosynthesis, ho fokotsa polokelo ea lik'habohaedreite. Haeba sena se tsoela pele nako e telele, kholo ea sitisoa hobane lihlahisoa tsa photosynthesis li sebelisoa bakeng sa ho hema. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, mocheso o tlase haholo o ka liehisa liketso tsa enzymatic, oa thibela ho monngoa ha limatlafatsi, le ho fokotsa ho thehoa ha ATP. Limeleng tse ling, mocheso o tlase le oona o baka tšenyo ea lisele ka lebaka la ho hoama ha metsi ka har'a lisele.
3. Metsi, ho ruruha ha sele, le ho hema
Metsi ke tharollo ea mantlha liseleng 'me a ameha ka ho toba ho photosynthesis. Ho fumaneha ha metsi ho khetholla khatello ea turgor ea sele, e leng ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho holisa sele, ho buleha ha stomatal, le ho tsamaisoa ha lintho ka xylem le phloem. Ha limela li haelloa ke metsi (khatello ea komello), stomata e atisa ho koala ho fokotsa mouoane. Ka lebaka leo, phallo ea CO₂ ea fokotseha 'me sekhahla sa photosynthesis sea fokotseha.
Komello e boetse e baka ho bokellana ha hormone abscisic acid (ABA), e laolang karabelo ea khatello, ho kenyeletsoa le ho koaloa ha mpa le ho fetoha ha tlhahiso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, khaello ea metsi e ka sitisa ts'ebetso ea li-enzyme, ea eketsa ho thehoa ha li-free radical (ROS), 'me ea baka tšenyo ea lera. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, metsi a mangata kapa ho kenella ha metsi ho ka fokotsa maemo a oksijene mobung. Metso e ba le khaello ea O₂, e fokotsang ho hema ka aerobic, 'me ea qobella limela ho sebelisa phefumoloho ea anaerobic, e hlahisang matla a fokolang 'me e ka hlahisa metsoako e chefo e kang ethanol.
4. Liphepo le tlhahiso ea limolek'hule
Metabolism ea limela e hloka limatlafatsi tse kholo (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) le limatlafatsi tse nyane (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Mo, Cl, Ni). Limatlafatsi li sebetsa e le li-haho le li-enzyme cofactors. Mohlala, naetrojene ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho thehoa ha li-amino acid le chlorophyll, phosphorus ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ATP le li-nucleic acid, magnesium ke ea bohlokoa ho limolek'hule tsa chlorophyll, 'me tšepe e bapala karolo ketane ea lipalangoang tsa lielektrone.
Khaello ea phepo e baka mathata a ikhethang a metabolism. Khaello ea naetrojene e fokotsa ho thehoa ha protheine le chlorophyll, e leng se fellang ka ho ba mosehla ha makhasi le ho fokotseha ha photosynthesis. Khaello ea phosphorus e thibela ho thehoa ha ATP, e fokotsa matla bakeng sa liketso tsa anabolic. Khaello ea potassium e sitisa ts'ebetso ea mpa le botsitso ba osmotic, e leng se fellang ka ho tsamaisoa ha lihlahisoa tsa photosynthetic ka tsela e sa lokelang. Kahoo, boemo ba limatlafatsi tsa mobu bo amana ka ho toba le matla a photosynthesis, kholo le tlhahiso.
5. pH ea mobu le boteng ba limatlafatsi
pH ea mobu e ama ho qhibiliha le ho fumaneha ha limatlafatsi. Haeba pH e le acid e ngata haholo, li-element tse ling, tse kang Al le Mn, li ka qhibiliha ka ho feteletseng 'me tsa fetoha chefo, tsa senya metso le ho thibela ho monngoa ha limatlafatsi tse ling. Haeba pH e le alkaline haholo, li-element tse kang Fe, Zn, le P li ba le mathata a fokolang, e leng se fellang ka chlorosis ea limela le kholo e sa tsitsang.
Kaha li-enzyme tse ngata tsa metso li sebetsa hantle ka har'a mefuta e itseng ea pH, liphetoho tsa pH li boetse li ama metabolism ea metso, ho kenyeletsoa le ho nkuoa ha li-ion, ts'ebetso ea pompo ea proton, le mosebetsi oa likokoana-hloko tsa mobu tse thusang ho etsa liminerale tsa lintho tse phelang.
6. Letswai le kgatello ya osmotic
Letswai le phahameng (letswai le phahameng) le baka mathata a mabeli a maholo: kgatello ya osmotic le chefo ya ion. Kgatello ya osmotic e hlaha hobane dimela di thatafallwa ke ho monya metsi leha mobu o bonahala o le metsi, ka lebaka la bokgoni bo fokolang ba metsi mobung. Chefo ya ion e hlaha ka lebaka la ho bokellana ha Na⁺ le Cl⁻, e leng se sitisang ho leka-lekana ha di-ion tsa bohlokwa tse kang K⁺ le Ca²⁺.
Tšusumetso metabolismeng e pharaletse haholo: photosynthesis ea fokotseha ka lebaka la ho koaloa ha mpa, ho hema hoa eketseha bakeng sa ho ikamahanya le maemo, 'me limela li theha li-osmolyte tse kang proline le tsoekere e itseng ho leka-lekanya khatello ea osmotic. Sebopeho sena sa osmolyte se hloka matla, kahoo kholo hangata e lieha maemong a letsoai.
7. Ho tsepamisa maikutlo ha CO₂ le O₂
Ho bokellana ha CO₂ moeeng ho ama sekhahla sa photosynthesis, haholo-holo limela tsa C3 (tse kang raese le linaoa tsa soya). Ho eketseha ha CO₂ ho ka eketsa photosynthesis hobane li-substrate tse ngata lia fumaneha bakeng sa potoloho ea Calvin. Leha ho le joalo, karabelo ena e ntse e susumetsoa ke lintlha tse ling tse kang mocheso le limatlafatsi. Ho feta moo, CO₂ e phahameng e ka fokotsa ho hema ka photorespiration limela tsa C3, e leng se fellang ka tšebeliso e sebetsang hantle ea matla.
Ho sa le jwalo, O₂ ke ya bohlokwa bakeng sa ho hema ka aerobic. Ha O₂ e haella mobung (mohlala, ka lebaka la metsi a mangata), metabolism ya metso e a sitiswa mme tlhahiso ya ATP e a fokotseha. Ka lebaka leo, ho monywa ha dikotla ho a fokola mme tlhahiso ya biomolecule e a thibelwa.
8. Moea le mongobo
Moya le mongobo haholo-holo li ama sekhahla sa ho fufuleloa. Meea e matla e ka eketsa mouoane oa metsi ho tloha holim'a makhasi, ea potlakisa tahlehelo ea metsi, 'me ea baka khatello ea metsi haeba phepelo ea metso e sa lekana. Mongobo o tlase o eketsa ho fufuleloa, oa etsa hore stomata e koalehe, oa fokotsa ho monngoa ha CO₂, le ho thibela photosynthesis. Leha ho le joalo, ho fufuleloa ho leka-lekaneng le hona hoa hlokahala bakeng sa kabo ea metsi le limatlafatsi ho tloha metsong ho ea makhasing.
Qetello
Lintho tse phelang li na le tšusumetso e kholo metabolismng ea limela hobane li khetholla maemo a 'mele le a lik'hemik'hale ao ho 'ona lik'hemik'hale li etsahalang. Leseli le laola photosynthesis 'me le sebetsa e le lets'oao la nts'etsopele; mocheso o laola ts'ebetso ea enzyme le ho leka-lekana ha photosynthesis-respiration; metsi a khetholla turgor le transport 'me a ka baka komello kapa khatello ea metsi; limatlafatsi le pH ea mobu li susumetsa ho thehoa ha limolek'hule le ts'ebetso ea enzyme; letsoai le baka khatello ea osmotic le chefo; 'me CO₂, O₂, moea le mongobo le tsona li khetholla katleho ea photosynthesis, ho hema le ho hema. Ho utloisisa tšusumetso ea lintho tsena tse phelang ho bohlokoa temong le paballong, kaha ho lumella batho ho laola tikoloho e holang—ka ho nosetsa, ho nontša, ho lahla kalaka, khetho ea mefuta-futa le theknoloji ea temo—ho ntlafatsa metabolism ea limela le ho eketsa chai ea tlhahiso.
