Mehlala ea Lipotso tsa Puisano ea Transistor
Li-transistors ke likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa elektroniki tse bapalang karolo ea bohlokoa hoo e ka bang sesebelisoa se seng le se seng sa elektroniki sa sejoale-joale. Li-transistors li sebetsa e le li-switch le li-amplifiers tsa matšoao, li nolofalletsa mahlale a tsoetseng pele joalo ka lik'homphieutha, lifono tsa selefouno le lisebelisoa tse ling tse ngata. Sehloohong sena, re tla akaretsa mehlala e 'maloa le litharollo tsa eona ho re thusa ho utloisisa hamolemo hore na li-transistors li sebetsa joang.
1. Selelekela ho Transistors
Pele re kena mathateng a mohlala, ha re bueng hanyane ka di-transistors ka botsona. Transistor ke karolo ya semiconductor e bopilweng ka dikarolo tse tharo tsa thepa e fapaneng, e tsejwang hangata e le NPN kapa PNP, ho itshetlehile ka ho kenngwa ha thepa ya semiconductor. E na le di-terminal tse tharo: Base (B), Emitter (E), le Collector (C).
Mefuta ea Li-Transistors
– Transistor ea NPN: Mofuta oa transistor moo lera la motheo le leng pakeng tsa lera tse peli tsa mofuta oa N.
– Transistor ea PNP: Mofuta oa transistor moo lera la motheo le leng pakeng tsa lera tse peli tsa mofuta oa P.
Mefuta ena e 'meli ea li-transistor e sebetsa ka tsela e tšoanang, empa tataiso ea hona joale le polarity ea leeme lia fapana.
Mosebetsi oa Transistor
– Jwalo ka Phetoho: Ditransistara di ka sebediswa ho bulela kapa ho tima motlakase ka hara potoloho.
– Jwalo ka amplifier: Ditransistara di ka hodisa matshwao a manyane a ho kenya hore e be diphetho tse kgolo.
2. Lipotso tsa Mehlala le Puisano
Potso ea 1: Sebopeho sa Motheo se Akaretsang ho Transistor ea NPN
Potso: Transistor ea NPN e nang le sebopeho se tloaelehileng sa motheo e na le hona joale ea emitter (IE) ea 5 mA le hona joale ea pokello (IC) ea 4.9 mA. Fumana hona joale ea motheo (IB) le paramethara ea α (alpha) ea transistor.
Puisano:
- Hoa tsebahala:
– Motlakase oa Emitter (IE) = 5 mA
– Motlakase oa pokello (IC) = 4.9 mA
– Potso: Hona jwale ya motheo (IB) le paramethara α.
1. Ho Bala Motheo oa Hona Joale:
Hona joale ea motheo e fumanoa ho tsoa ho equation:
\[
I_E = I_B + I_C
\]
Kahoo,
\[
I_B = I_E – I_C = 5 \text{ mA} – 4.9 \text{ mA} = 0.1 \text{ mA}
\]
2. Ho bala Paramethara α:
Paramethara α (alpha) ke karolelano pakeng tsa hona joale ea pokello le hona joale ea emitter:
\[
\alpha = \frac{I_C}{I_E} = \frac{4.9 \text{mA}}{5 \text{mA}} = 0.98
\]
Kahoo, hona joale ea motheo (IB) ke 0.1 mA 'me boleng ba paramethara α ke 0.98.
Potso ea 2: Sebopeho se Tloaelehileng sa Emitter ho Transistor ea NPN
Potso: Transistor ea NPN e na le motlakase oa motheo (IB) oa 20 µA le keketseho ea motlakase oa motheo (β) ea 100. Bala motlakase oa pokello (IC) le motlakase oa emitter (IE).
Puisano:
- Hoa tsebahala:
– Motlakase oa motheo (IB) = 20 µA
– Phaello ea hona joale ea motheo (β) = 100
– Potso: Motlakase oa pokello (IC) le motlakase oa emitter (IE).
1. Ho Bala Hona Joale ea Pokello:
Motlakase oa pokello o fumanoa ho tsoa ho equation:
\[
I_C = \beta \times I_B = 100 \times 20 \text{µA} = 2000 \text{µA} = 2 \text{mA}
\]
2. Ho Bala Emitter Current:
Hona joale emitter e fumanoa ho tsoa ho equation:
\[
I_E = I_B + I_C = 20 \mongolo{µA} + 2000 \mongolo{µA} = 2020 \mongolo{µA} = 2.02 \mongolo{mA}
\]
Kahoo, hona joale ea pokello (IC) ke 2 mA 'me hona joale ea emitter (IE) ke 2.02 mA.
Bothata ba 3: Potoloho ea Amplifier ea Transistor
Potso: Potolohong ea amplifier ea transistor ea NPN, motlakase oa base-emitter (V_BE) ke 0.7V, motlakase oa collector-emitter (V_CE) ke 5V, 'me motlakase oa phepelo ea motlakase (V_CC) ke 12V. Haeba resistor ea collector (R_C) e le 1 kΩ 'me motlakase oa base (IB) e le 30 µA, fumana motlakase oa collector (IC) le motlakase oa collector (V_C).
Puisano:
- Hoa tsebahala:
– Motlakase oa motheo oa emitter (V_BE) = 0.7V
– Motlakase oa pokello-emitter (V_CE) = 5V
– Motlakase oa mohloli (V_CC) = 12V
– Mohanyetsi oa pokello (R_C) = 1 kΩ = 1000 Ω
– Motlakase oa motheo (IB) = 30 µA
– Potso: Motlakase oa pokello (IC) le motlakase oa pokello (V_C).
1. Ho Bala Phaello ea Hona Joale ea Motheo (β):
Ho latela sebopeho se kaholimo, re ka nahana hore transistor e boemong bo sebetsang. Kahoo re sebelisa:
\[
V_{CE} = V_C – V_E = 5V
\]
Kaha V_E e nyane ha e bapiswa le mobu (hangata 0V), joale:
\[
V_C \hoo e ka bang 5V
\]
2. Ho Bala Hona Joale ea Pokello:
Motlakase oa pokello o ka baloa ho sebelisoa molao oa Ohm:
\[
I_C = \frac{V_{CC} – V_C}{R_C}
\]
Ho nkela boleng sebaka:
\[
I_C = \frac{12V – 5V}{1000 Ω} = \frac{7V}{1000 Ω} = 7 \text{mA}
\]
3. Ho Bala Voltage ea Moqokeleli:
Ho sebelisa motlakase o baliloeng:
\[
V_C = V_{CC} – (I_C \times R_C) = 12V – (7 \text{ mA} \times 1000 Ω) = 12V – 7V = 5V
\]
Kahoo, hona joale ea pokello (IC) ke 7 mA 'me motlakase oa pokello (V_C) ke 5V.
Qetello
Li-transistors ke likarolo tsa motheo tsa elektroniki, tse sebetsang e le li-switch le li-amplifier. Ka ho utloisisa mehlala e kang e kaholimo, re ka sebelisa li-transistors habonolo mefuteng e fapaneng ea lipotoloho. Ho utloisisa liparamente tse kang base current, collector current, collector-emitter voltage, le base current gain (β) ke mohato oa bohlokoa moralong le tlhahlobong ea lipotoloho tsa elektroniki. Re tšepa hore sengoloa sena se bile le thuso ho tebiseng tsebo ea rona ea li-transistors!
