Qaababka Maaddada (iyadoo lagu saleynayo sifooyinka yar yar)
Nolol maalmeedka, badanaa waxaan la kulannaa saddex nooc oo kala duwan oo walxo ah. Waxaa jira walxo adag (tusaale ahaan, dhagaxyo, bir, iwm. ) , dareereyaal (biyo, gaas, iwm. ) , iyo gaasas (hawada, iwm. ) . Saddexdan nooc ee walxaha waxaa lagu kala saari karaa iyadoo lagu saleynayo awooddooda ay ku ilaalin karaan qaabkooda iyo cabbirkooda (cabbirka, waxaan ula jeednaa mugga).
Adkaha badanaa waxay ilaaliyaan qaab iyo mug go'an. Dareeradu ma ilaaliyaan qaab go'an, laakiin waxay qaabkooda ku hagaajiyaan weelka ay ku jiraan. Tusaale ahaan, haddii aan biyaha ku ridno galaas, qaabkoodu wuxuu isu beddelaa kan galaas. Haddii biyaha la geliyo barkadda qubayska, qaabkoodu wuxuu isu beddelaa kan barkadda qubayska. Haddii lagu rido bac balaastig ah oo daadanaya, biyuhu way daadanayaan... he he ... Mugga dareeraha badanaa wuu is beddelaa. Haddii koob biyo ah lagu rido barkadda qubayska , mugga biyuhu wuxuu la mid yahay muraayadda. Qaabka biyuhu wuu is beddeli karaa, laakiin muggiisu waligiis isma beddelo. Waa muhiim in la ogaado in mugga adag iyo dareerayaashu ay is beddeli karaan oo keliya haddii xoog aad u weyn la isticmaalo.
Ka warran gaaska? Gaasku ma laha qaab ama mug go'an. Qaabkooda iyo muggoodu had iyo jeer waxay la qabsadaan qaabka iyo mugga weelka ay ku jiraan. Tusaale ahaan, haddii aan gaaska geliso tuubada gudaha ee gaadhiga, qaabka gaaska ayaa isbeddela, sida tuubada gudaha. Sidoo kale muggeeda. Marka uu taayirku gudaha ku jiro, gaasku wuu fidaa si uu u buuxiyo taayir dhan . Xaaladdan oo kale, mugga gaaska ayaa isbeddela, sida muggeeda taayir. Haddii aan ku afuufinno buufin (hawada gelinno), qaabka iyo mugga hawadu way isbeddelaan, sida qaabka iyo mugga buufinta.
Ilaa hadda, waxaan kala soocnay saddexda xaaladood ee walxaha iyadoo lagu saleynayo sifooyinkooda macroscopic (sifooyinka macroscopic = qaabka iyo cabbirka walaxda). Dabcan, tani waxay ku salaysan tahay natiijooyinka cabbiraadaha maalinlaha ah iyo indha-indheyntayada. Waxaan arki doonnaa kala duwanaanshaha saddexda xaaladood ee walxaha iyadoo lagu saleynayo sifooyinkooda mikroskoobka ah. Walax kastaa waxay ka kooban tahay atom ama molecules. Marka aan nidhaahno dhagaxu waa adag yahay, weligeen ma ogaanno waxa ku dhaca atamka ama molecules- ka ku jira dhagaxa ee ka dhigaya mid adag. Sidoo kale biyaha ama hawada. Maxaa ka jira atamka ama molecules-ka sameeya biyaha ee ka dhigaya qaabka dareeraha ah ee biyaha iyo hawada mid aan la arki karin?
Noocyada walxaha ku salaysan sifooyinka yar yar
Kahor inta aan ka wada hadalno kala duwanaanshaha u dhexeeya adkaha, dareerayaasha, iyo gaasaska iyadoo lagu saleynayo sifooyinkooda yar yar, aan marka hore ka wada hadalno kuwa soo socda . Aan tixgelinno shay. Tusaale ahaan, dhagax... Haddii aan si dhow u eegno dhagax, waxaan arki doonnaa in qayb kasta oo dhagaxa ah ay isku dheggan tahay. Xitaa marka la laado oo la tuuro, qaabkiisa iyo cabbirkiisu waligood isma beddelaan (haddii aan la marin xoog aad u weyn). Caadiyan, dhammaan qaybaha dhagaxa had iyo jeer waxay ku sii jiraan hal unug. Maxay tani u tahay? Aan ka fikirno daqiiqad...
Ddhagaxa ayaan ku jiraa waxaa jira atamka ama molecules. Hadda isku day inaad qiyaasto… Bal qiyaas dhagax. Bal qiyaas dhagaxu wuxuu ka samaysan yahay qaybo yaryar. Qaybi qaybaha dhagaxa qaybo yaryar iyo kuwo yaryar… ilaa ay ka gaaraan cabbirka atamka ama molecules. Bal qiyaas atamka sida kubbado yaryar. Halka molecules-ku ay yihiin kubbado yaryar. waxay ka kooban yihiin dhowr kubbadood ayaa isku dheggan.
Markaa , dhagaxyadu waxay ka kooban yihiin molecules ama atomyo badan oo aad u yar. Ma qiyaasi kartaa atamka ku jira dhagaxyada?
Dhexroorka atamka hal atom waa qiyaastii 10-10 m. Haddii aad atamka u malaynayso kubad, dhexroorka kubaddaasi waa 10-10 mitir . Aad bay u yar tahay oo laguma arki karo isha qaawan... waxaad qiyaasi kartaa oo keliya. Molekulada waa atamo isku dheggan, sidaa darteed molekulada way ka weyn yihiin atamo. Laakiin molekulada sidoo kale laguma arki karo isha qaawan...
Waa wax lala yaabo, miyaanay ahayn, in atamka ama molecules-kan yaryar ay ku jiri karaan hal unug... Haddii atamka ama molecules-ku aysan ku jirin hal unug, dabcan qayb kasta oo dhagaxa ka mid ah ma isku dhegi lahayn. Dhab ahaantii, qayb kasta oo dhagaxa ka mid ah ayaa isku dheggan si dhagaxu u noqdo mid adag. Maxaa atamka ama molecules-ku u kala go'i waayeen?
Hubaal, atamka ama molecules-ku way is soo jiidanayaan. Haddii atamka ama molecules-ku aysan is soo jiidanayn, dabcan meel walba way duuli lahaayeen. Atam ama molecule kasta wuxuu macsalaamayn lahaa saaxiibkii. Sidaas darteed, jajabyada dhagaxa meel walba way ku kala firdhi lahaayeen. Jajabyada dhagaxa sidoo kale way kala firdhi doonaan ugu dambayntiina ma arki lahayn. Jajabyada dhagaxa sidoo kale waxay ka samaysan yihiin atamka ama molecules. Cabbirka atamka aad buu u yar yahay, markaa haddii la kala saaro, dabcan ma arki lahayn... Laakiin xaqiiqadu sidaas maaha.
Dhagaxu wuxuu u muuqdaa mid adag, iyadoo gabal kasta oo dhagax ah uu isku dheggan yahay. Sidaa darteed, waxaan ku soo gabagabeyn karnaa in atamka ama molecules-ka sameeya shay adag ay tahay inay is soo jiitaan.
Xoogga soo jiidashada leh ee u dhexeeya atamka ama molecules-ka dhab ahaantii waa awood elektromagnetic ah. Jiritaanka xooggan soo jiidashada leh wuxuu ka dhigayaa atamka ama molecules-ka inay isku soo dhawaadaan. Marka ay isku dhacaan , elektaroonada qaybta ugu fog ee atamka ama molecules-ka ayaa is celinaya (ka-celiye koronto). Jiritaanka ka-celiye-xumadani waxay ka dhigaysaa atamka iyo molecules-ka inay dib u socdaan. Inkasta oo atamka ama molecules-ku ay dib u socdaan, sababtoo ah xoogga soo jiidashada leh, haddana way isku soo dhawaadaan mar kale. Iyo wixii la mid ah… Atamyada ama molecules-ku waxay dib iyo dib u socdaan (way gariiraan), iyagoo ilaalinaya masaafada ugu yar.
Farqiga u dhexeeya adkaha, dareerayaasha iyo gaasaska ku salaysan sifooyinka yar yar waxay dhab ahaantii ku jirtaa xoogga ama daciifnimada awoodaha soo jiidashada leh ee u dhexeeya atamka ama molecules-ka sameeya saddexdan walxood.
Adag
Adkaha, awoodaha soo jiidashada leh ee u dhexeeya atamka ama molecules-ka ayaa aad u xoog badan taasoo keentay in atamka ama molecules-ka sameeya adka ay had iyo jeer ku sii jiraan boosas go'an. Atamyada ama molecules-ka ku jira adka ayaa dib iyo dib u dhaqaaqa (gariira), laakiin had iyo jeer waxay ku gariiraan boos isku mid ah.
Soo jiidashada xooggan ee u dhaxaysa atamka ama molecules-ka sameeya adke waa sababta qaabka iyo mugga adkegu had iyo jeer isku mid u ahaadaan. la tuuray ama la garaacayQaabka dhagaxa ama birta way adag tahay in la beddelo sababtoo ah awoodaha soo jiidashada leh ee u dhexeeya atamka ama molecules-ka aad bay u xoog badan yihiin. Markaad dhagax ama bir ku riddo baaldi ama barkad qubeys, muggeedu waligiis isma beddelo. Markaa, awoodaha soo jiidashada leh ee xooggan ee u dhexeeya atamka ama molecules-ka sameeya adag ayaa ah waxa isku haya oo ilaaliya muuqaalkooda adag.
Guud ahaan, booska atamka ama molecules-ka sameeya adke waa qiyaastii sida ku cad sawirka (sidoo kale loo yaqaan shabaq crystal ah). Sawirkan waa la weyneeyay. Atamyada ama molecules-ku aad bay u yar yihiin.
Dareere ah
Dareeraha, awoodaha soo jiidashada leh ee u dhexeeya atamka ama molecules-ka ma aha kuwo aad u xoog badan, taasoo u oggolaanaysa inay si xor ah u socdaan, iyagoo is dulsaaran. Atamyada ama molecules-ka sameeya dareerayaasha waxay u dhaqaaqi karaan siday doonaan, laakiin ma macsalaamayn karaan asxaabtooda. Xoogga awoodaha soo jiidashada leh ayaa wali ka hortagaya inay baxsadaan oo ay kala firdhaan.
Tani waa sababta qaabka dareere uu isu beddeli karo laakiin muggiisu uu yahay mid joogto ah. Marka aan biyaha ku shubno galaas, awoodaha soo jiidashada leh ee u dhexeeya atamka ama molecules-ka ku jira ayaa yar, sidaas darteed qaabka biyuhu wuxuu isu beddelaa qaabka galaaska. Marka aan biyaha ku shubno barkadda qubeyska, awoodaha soo jiidashada leh ee aan xoogganayn ee u dhexeeya atamka ama molecules-ka ayaa u oggolaanaya biyaha inay la qabsadaan qaabka barkadda qubeyska. VMugga dareeraha ah had iyo jeer wuu isbedbeddelaa sababtoo ah awoodaha soo jiidashada leh ee u dhexeeya atamka ama molecules-ka ayaa wali awood u leh inay isku hayaan. midowKoob biyo ah marka la geliyokMarka biyaha lagu shubo barkadda qubeyska, mugga biyuhu wuxuu la mid yahay koob. Atamyada ama molecules-ka sameeya biyuhu ma kala firdhaan sidaa darteed mugga had iyo jeer wuu isku mid ahaadaa.
Meesha atamka ama molecules-ka sameeya dareeraha waa sida sawirka ku cad (fallaadhu waxay tilmaamaysaa jihada dhaqdhaqaaqa).
Walxaha gaaska leh
Walxaha gaaska ku jira, awoodaha soo jiidashada leh ee u dhexeeya atamka ama molecules-ka aad bay u daciif yihiin oo atamka ama molecules-ku ma noqon karaan hal unug. Waxay u dhaqaaqaan sida ay doonaan sababtoo ah ma jiraan wax xiriir ah oo u dhexeeya. Awoodaha soo jiidashada leh ee aadka u daciifka ah waxay sababaan in atamka ama molecules-ka sameeya walaxda gaaska ku kala firirsanaadaan ama ku kala firirmaan meel walba. Atamyada sameeya walaxda gaaska ku jirta ayaa ka xor badan atamka sameeya walaxda adag ama dareeraha ah.
Meesha atamka ama molecules-ka sameeya walaxda gaaska waa qiyaastii sidan soo socota. on sawir.
Xoogga soo jiidashada ee aadka u daciifka ah waa sababta qaabka iyo mugga gaasaska ay isu beddeli karaan iyo sababta aan hawada loogu arki karin isha. Cabbirka atamka ama molecules-ka aad buu u yar yahay haddii ay ku kala firirsan yihiin ama ku kala firirsan yihiin meel walba, markaas ma arki karno. Cabbirka ciidda ama sonkortu aad buu uga weyn yahay atamka ama molecules-ka sidaa darteed inkastoo ay kala firirsan yihiin, haddana xabka ciidda weli lagu arki karo isha, inkastoo ay xoogaa adag tahay.
Adkaha iyo dareerayaasha waxaa la arki karaa sababtoo ah atamka ama molecules-kooda aan la kala saarin. Awoodaha soo jiidashada leh ee xooggan ee ku jira adkaha iyo gaasaska ayaa wali awood u leh inay isku hayaan. Awoodaha soo jiidashada leh ee ku jira gaasaska aad bay u daciif yihiin oo ma awoodaan inay isku hayaan atamka ama molecules-ka. Xooggan soo jiidashada leh ee yar ayaa sidoo kale ah sababta ay gaasaska iyo dareerayaashu u qulquli karaan.
