Aragtida kinetic ee gaasaska iyo sharciga koowaad ee thermodynamics - dhibaatooyinka iyo xalalka

Aragtida kinetic ee gaasaska iyo sharciga koowaad ee thermodynamics - dhibaatooyinka iyo xalalka

1. Gaasaska ku habboon waxay ku jiraan weel muggiisu yahay 4 litir, cadaadiskiisuna waa 3 atm (1 atm = 10 5 Nm -2 ). Gaasaska ku habboon waxaa lagu kululeeyaa cadaadis joogto ah oo ka bilaabma 27 o C ilaa 87 o C. Awoodda kulaylka gaaska waa 9 JK -1 . Waa maxay mugga ugu dambeeya ee gaasaska iyo isbeddelka tamarta gudaha ee gaasaska?

Solution

Habka isobaric (cadaadis joogto ah)

La yaqaan:

Mugga hore ee gaaska (V1 ) = 4 litir

Heerkulka bilowga ah ee gaaska (T 1 ) = 27 o C + 273 = 300 K

Heerkulka ugu dambeeya ee gaaska (T 2 ) = 87 o C + 273 = 360 K

Cadaadiska gaaska (P) = 3 atm = 3 x 10 5 Nm -2

Awoodda kulaylka ee gaaska (C) = 9 JK -1

La Doonayo: Mugga ugu dambeeya ee gaaska (V2 ) iyo isbeddelka tamarta gudaha ee gaaska (ΔU)

Xalka:

Go'aami mugga ugu dambeeya adoo isticmaalaya isle'egta sharciga Charles (habka isobaric ama cadaadiska joogtada ah):

Aragtida kinetic ee gaaska iyo thermodynamics - dhibaatooyinka iyo xalalka 1

Isbeddelka mugga:

1 litir = 0.001 m 3

Mugga bilowga ah (V1 ) = 4 (0.001 m3 ) = 0.004 m3

Mugga kama dambaysta ah (V2 ) = 4.8 (0.001 m3 ) = 0.0048 m3

Isbeddelka mugga (ΔV) = V 2 – V 1 = 0.0048 m 3 – 0.004 m 3 = 0.008 m 3.

Isbeddelka heerkulka:

Isbeddelka heerkulka (ΔT) = T 2 – T 1 = 360 K – 300 K = 60 K

Go'aami isbeddelka tamarta gudaha (ΔU) ee gaaska ku habboon adoo isticmaalaya isle'egta sharciga koowaad ee thermodynamics.

ΔU = Q - W

ΔU = isbeddelka tamarta gudaha, Q = kuleyl, W = shaqo

Go'aami shaqada (W) cadaadis joogto ah:

W = P ΔV = (3 x 10 5 )(0.0008) = (3 x 10 1 )(8) = (30)(8) = 240 Joules

Go'aami kulaylka (Q) adoo isticmaalaya isle'egta awoodda kulaylka (C):

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C = Q / ΔT

Q = (C) (ΔT) = (9) (60) = 540 Joules

Go'aami isbeddelka tamarta gudaha:

ΔU = Q – W = 540 Joules – 240 Joules = 300 Joules.

2. 6 litir oo gaasas ku habboon 2 atm ayaa ku jira weel (1 atm = 10 5 Nm -2 ). Gaaska waxaa lagu kululeeyaa 27 o C ilaa 77 o C cadaadis joogto ah. Haddii awoodda kulaylka gaaska ay tahay 5 JK -1 , waa maxay mugga ugu dambeeya iyo isbeddelka tamarta gudaha ee gaaska.

Xalka:

Habka isobaric (cadaadis joogto ah)

La yaqaan:

Mugga bilowga ah ee gaasaska ku habboon (V 1 ) = 6 litir

Heerkulka bilowga ah ee gaasaska ku habboon (T 1 ) = 27 o C + 273 = 300 K

Heerkulka kama dambaysta ah ee gaasaska ku habboon (T 2 ) = 77 o C + 273 = 350 K

Cadaadiska gaasaska ku habboon (P) = 2 atm = 2 x 10 5 Nm -2

Awoodda kulaylka ee gaasaska (C) = 5 JK -1

La Doonayo: Mugga ugu dambeeya ee gaaska (V2 ) iyo isbeddelka tamarta gudaha ee gaaska (ΔU)

Xalka:

Go'aami mugga ugu dambeeya ee gaaska adoo isticmaalaya isle'egta sharciga Charles (habka isobaric ama cadaadiska joogtada ah):

Aragtida kinetic ee gaaska iyo thermodynamics - dhibaatooyinka iyo xalalka 2

Isbeddelka mugga:

1 litir = 0.001 m 3

Mugga bilowga ah (V1 ) = 6 (0.001 m3 ) = 0.006 m3

Mugga ugu dambeeya (V2 ) = 7 (0.001 m3 ) = 0.007 m3

Isbeddelka mugga (ΔV) = V 2 – V 1 = 0.007 m 3 – 0.006 m 3 = 0.001 m 3

Isbeddelka heerkulka:

Isbeddelka heerkulka (ΔT) = T 2 – T 1 = 350 K – 300 K = 50 K

Go'aami isbeddelka tamarta gudaha (ΔU) ee gaasaska ku habboon adoo isticmaalaya isle'egta sharciga koowaad ee thermodynamics.

ΔU = Q - W

ΔU = isbeddelka tamarta gudaha, Q = kuleyl, W = shaqo

Go'aami shaqada (W) cadaadis joogto ah:

W = P ΔV = (2 x 10 5 )(0.001) = (2 x 10 2 )(1) = (200)(1) = 200 Joules

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Go'aami kulaylka (Q) adoo isticmaalaya isle'egta awoodda kulaylka (C):

C = Q / ΔT

Q = (C) (ΔT) = (5) (50) = 250 Joules

Go'aami isbeddelka tamarta gudaha:

ΔU = Q – W = 250 Joules – 200 Joules = 50 Joules.

  1. Waa maxay mala-awaalka ugu muhiimsan ee aragtida kinetic-ga ee gaasaska?
    • Jawaab: Aragtida dhaqdhaqaaqa gaasaska waxay u qaadanaysaa in: (a) Gaasaska ay ka kooban yihiin tiro badan oo walxo yaryar ah oo dhaqdhaqaaq aan kala sooc lahayn ku jira; (b) Walxahani aad bay u kala fog yihiin marka loo eego cabbirkooda; (c) Isku dhaca u dhexeeya walxaha gaaska, ama inta u dhaxaysa walxaha iyo darbiyada weelkeeda, waa kuwo dabacsan (tusaale ahaan, tamar dhaqdhaqaaq oo lumaysa ma jirto); (d) Ma jiraan wax xoog ah oo u dhexeeya walxaha gaaska; iyo (e) Celceliska tamarta dhaqdhaqaaqa ee walxaha gaaska waxay si toos ah ugu dhigantaa heerkulka buuxa ee gaaska.
  2. Sidee bay tamarta celceliska dhaqdhaqaaqa ee molecules-ka gaaska ula xiriirtaa heerkulka gaaska?
    • Jawaab: Celceliska tamarta dhaqdhaqaaqa ee molecules-ka gaaska waxay si toos ah ugu dhigantaa heerkulka buuxa (Kelvin) ee gaaska. Marka heerkulku kordho, celceliska tamarta dhaqdhaqaaqa ee molecules-ka ayaa sidoo kale kordha.
  3. Waa maxay muhiimadda eber buuxda marka loo eego dhaqdhaqaaqa molecular-ka?
    • Jawaab: Eber aan dhammaad lahayn (0 Kelvin) waa aragti ahaan heerkulka ay dhaqdhaqaaqa molecular-ku joogsadaan. Waxay u taagan tahay heerkulka ugu hooseeya ee suurtogalka ah halkaas oo aan waxba ka qabowsan karin oo aan tamar kulayl ku jirin walax.
  4. Waa maxay sharciga ugu horreeya ee thermodynamics marka la eego tamarta gudaha, kulaylka, iyo shaqada?
    • Jawaab: Sharciga ugu horreeya ee thermodynamics wuxuu sheegayaa in isbeddelka tamarta gudaha ee nidaamku uu la mid yahay kulaylka lagu daray nidaamka marka laga reebo shaqada uu nidaamku ka qabtay agagaarkiisa: ΔU = Q – W.
  5. Habka isochoric, maxaa ku dhacaya shaqada uu sameeyay ama uu ku sameeyay nidaamka?
    • Jawaab: Habka isochoric-ga, mugga wuxuu ahaanayaa mid joogto ah. Sidaa darteed, ma jiro shaqo uu sameeyay ama uu ku sameeyay nidaamka, maadaama shaqada kiisaska noocaas ah ay bixiso shaqada cadaadiska-mugga, taasoo noqon doonta eber haddii mugga uusan isbeddelin.
  6. Maxay ka dhigan tahay marka aan nidhaahno gaasku waa "ku habboon"?
    • Jawaab: Gaaska "ku habboon" waa mid raaca sharciga gaaska ugu habboon (PV = nRT) dhammaan xaaladaha heerkulka iyo cadaadiska. Waxa kale oo ay la macno tahay in gaasku si fiican u raaco tilmaamaha aragtida kinetic-ga, iyada oo aan lahayn xoogagga isku-dhafka ah iyo isku-dhacyada dabacsanaanta.
  7. Sidee bay gaasaska dhabta ahi uga leexdaan dhaqanka gaasaska ku habboon?
    • Jawaab: Gaasaska dhabta ah waxay ka leexdaan dhaqanka ku habboon cadaadiska sare iyo heerkulka hooseeya. Tani waxay sabab u tahay joogitaanka awoodaha isku-dhafka ah iyo cabbirka xaddidan ee molecules-ka gaaska. Kala-duwanaanshaha waxaa lagu sharraxay isle'egta van der Waals iyo isle'egyo kale oo la mid ah.

  8. Maxaa sharciga ugu horreeya ee thermodynamics loogu qaadan karaa sharci ilaalin ah?

    • Jawaab: Sharciga ugu horreeya ee thermodynamics waxaa loo tixgelin karaa sharci ilaalin ah sababtoo ah wuxuu sheegayaa in tamarta aan la abuuri karin ama la burburin karin, kaliya looma wareejin karo ama looma beddeli karo hal qaab ilaa mid kale. Tani waxay ka tarjumaysaa mabda'a ilaalinta tamarta.
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