Tusaalaha Su'aalaha Doodda Falcelinta Fission
Pendahuluan
Kala-goynta nukliyeerka waa mid ka mid ah dhacdooyinka ugu xiisaha badan uguna muhiimsan fiisigiska nukliyeerka. Falcelintani waxay ku lug leedahay kala-goynta nukliyeeryada culus ee atomiga una kala qaybiso kuwa fudud, iyadoo la sii daayo tamar aad u badan. Habkani waa saldhigga tignoolajiyada soo saarista tamarta nukliyeerka iyo bamka atomiga. Fahmidda falcelinta kala-goynta, aragti ahaan iyo ficil ahaanba, waa lama huraan ardayda fiisigiska iyo shakhsiyaadka xiiseynaya sayniska nukliyeerka. Maqaalkani wuxuu baarayaa dhowr tusaale oo ku saabsan falcelinta kala-goynta iyo doodahooda si uu nooga caawiyo inaan si fiican u fahanno fikraddan.
Fikradaha Aasaasiga ah ee Falcelinta Kala-goysyada
Falcelinta kala-goysyada waxaa si fudud loogu qeexi karaa habka uu nucleus-ka atomka culus (sida uranium-235 ama plutonium-239) u nuugo neutron oo uu u kala qaybsamo laba ama in ka badan oo nucleus khafiif ah, tiro neutron ah, iyo xaddi badan oo tamar ah. Tamarta lagu sii daayo falgalka kala-goysyadu waxay ka timaaddaa farqiga cufka, halkaas oo tiro yar oo cuf ah la lumiyo oo loo beddelo tamar sida waafaqsan sharciga Albert Einstein E=mc².
Geedi socodka Kala-goynta Nukliyeerka
Falgalka kala-goysku wuxuu caadi ahaan bilaabmaa marka xudunta atomiga culus ay nuugto nukliyeer baadi ah. Tani waxay abuurtaa isotope aad u deggan, oo aad u deggan oo ku dhawaad isla markiiba u kala jaba xudunta khafiifka ah, iyadoo sii deynaysa dhowr nukliyeer iyo tamar muhiim ah. Waa kan tusaale falcelinta kala-goysyada uranium-235:
\[
{}^{235}_{92}U + {}^1_0n \rightarrow {}^{141}_{56}Ba + {}^{92}_{36}Kr + 3{}^1_0n + \text{energy}
\]
Tusaalaha Su'aalaha Falcelinta Fission
Kuwa soo socda waa dhowr tusaale oo su'aalo ah oo ku saabsan falcelinta kala-goysyada kuwaas oo inta badan laga helo casharrada fiisigiska nukliyeerka iyo doodaha xalalkooda.
Su'aal Tusaale 1aad
Su'aal: Nukliyeerka uranium-235 wuxuu qabtaa neutron wuxuuna maraa kala-goys si uu u sameeyo barium-141, krypton-92, saddex neutron, iyo tamar. Xisaabi tamarta lagu sii daayo falgalkan, iyadoo la tixgelinayo cufnaanta walxaha sida soo socota:
– Cuf ${}^{235}_{92}U = 235.0439299 \ \text{u}$
– Cufka Niyuutaroonka $^1_0n = 1.0086649 \ \text{u}$
– Cuf ${}^{141}_{56}Ba = 140.9144060 \ \text{u}$
– Cuf ${}^{92}_{36}Kr = 91.9261730 \ \text{u}$
_Fiiro gaar ah: 1 u = 931.5 MeV/c²._
Dood:
1. Tirada Cufnaanta Kahor Falcelinta:
– Cufka ka hor falcelinta waa cufka uranium-235 iyo hal neutron:
\[
M_{\text{kahor}} = 235.0439299 \, \text{u} + 1.0086649 \, \text{u} = 236.0525948 \, \text{u}
\]
2. Wadarta Cufnaanta Kadib Falcelinta:
– Cufka ka dib falgalka waa cufka barium, krypton, iyo saddex neutron:
\[
M_{\text{ka dib}} = 140.9144060 \, \text{u} + 91.9261730 \, \text{u} + 3 \times 1.0086649 \, \text{u} = 235.8476727 \, \text{u}
\]
3. Isbeddelka Cufka:
– Isbeddelka cufka, ama luminta cufka, waa farqiga u dhexeeya cufka ka hor iyo ka dib falcelinta:
\[
\Delta m = M_{\text{kahor}} – M_{\text{kadib}} = 236.0525948 \, \text{u} – 235.8476727 \, \text{u} = 0.2049221 \, \text{u}
\]
4. Tamarta La Sii Daayay:
– Tamarta la sii daayo, sida ku cad isla'egta Einstein \(E=mc^2\), waxaa laga xisaabin karaa isbeddelka cufka:
\[
E = \Delta m \times 931.5 \, \text{MeV/u} = 0.2049221 \, \text{u} \times 931.5 \, \text{MeV/u} \approx 190.804 \, \text{MeV}
\]
Tamarta laga sii daayo falgalka kala-goynta ee uranium-235 waa qiyaastii 190.804 MeV.
Su'aal Tusaale 2aad
Su'aal: Falaadhaha nukliyeerka ayaa sii daaya celcelis ahaan 200 MeV oo tamar ah falgalka kala-baxa halkii falgal. Haddii falaadhaha ay soo saaraan 1 GW oo awood ah (1 gigawatt = $10^9$ W), imisa falgal kala-baxa ayaa dhaca ilbiriqsigii?
Dood:
1. Tamarta la sii daayo falcelin kasta:
– Falgal kasta wuxuu soo saaraa 200 MeV oo u dhiganta:
\[
1 \, \text{MeV} = 1.60218 \times 10^{-13} \, \text{J}, \quad \text{so, } 200 \, \text{MeV} = 200 \times 1.60218 \times 10^{-13} \, \text{J} = 3.20436 \times 10^{-11} \, \text{J}
\]
2. Awoodda Reaktor-ka:
– Awoodda la soo saaray waa 1 GW, ama $10^9$ W, taasoo la mid ah $10^9$ J/s.
3. Xisaabinta Tirada Falcelinta:
– Tirada falcelisyada ilbiriqsi kasta waxaa lagu xisaabin karaa iyadoo awoodda guud loo qaybiyo tamarta falcelis kasta:
\[
\text{Tirada falcelinta ilbiriqsi kasta} = \frac{10^9 \, \text{J/s}}{3.20436 \times 10^{-11} \, \text{J/reaction}} = 3.12 \times 10^{19} \, \text{reactions/second}
\]
Sidaa darteed, qiyaastii \(3.12 \ jeer 10^{19}\) falgallada kala-goysyada ayaa dhaca ilbiriqsi kasta si ay u soo saaraan 1 GW oo awood ah.
Xiritaanka
Fahmidda iyo xisaabinta, falcelinta kala-goysyadu ma aha oo kaliya qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah barashada fiisigiska laakiin sidoo kale waxay leeyihiin codsiyo muhiim ah oo adduunka dhabta ah. Tiknoolajiyadda tamarta nukliyeerka waxay ku tiirsan tahay falcelinta kala-goysyada, horumar kasta oo tignoolajiyadanina wuxuu keeni karaa faa'iidooyin iyo khataro muhiim ah. Markaan fahamno fikradaha aasaasiga ah iyo codsigooda dhibaatooyinka kor ku xusan, waxaan si fiican u fahmi karnaa saameynta falcelinta kala-goysyada nolol maalmeedka iyo kartida si dheeraad ah loo sahamin karo.
