Cinwaan: Tusaale Su'aalo iyo Doodo ku saabsan Iskutallaabyada Monohybrid
Pendahuluan
Hidde-siduhu waa laan ka mid ah bayoolajiga oo barta sida sifooyinka looga gudbiyo jiil ilaa jiil kale. Fikrad aasaasi ah oo ku saabsan hidde-sidayaasha waa iskutallaabta monohybrid, taas oo ah iskutallaabta ku lug leh hal lammaane oo sifooyin kala duwan leh. Iskutallaabta monohybrid ee xiisaha leh iyo kuwa adag labadaba waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu barto sida alleles (noocyada hidde-sidayaasha) ay u falgalaan si loo go'aamiyo sifooyinka noolaha. Maqaalkan, waxaan ka wada hadli doonnaa dhowr dhibaato oo tusaale ah iyo dooddooda ku saabsan iskutallaabta monohybrid.
Su'aal Tusaale ah 1: Isgoyska Geedaha Digirta
Tusaale caadi ah oo iskutallaabta monohybrid ah waa cilmi-baarista Gregor Mendel ee ku saabsan dhirta digirta. Hal tijaabo, Mendel wuxuu ka gudbay geed digir ah oo ubax guduudan leh (UU) oo leh geed digir cad oo ubaxyo leh (uu).
Su'aal: Waa maxay noocyada iyo noocyada hidde-sideyaasha ee farcanka F1 iyo F2?
Dood:
– Jiilka F1:
Mendel wuxuu ka gudbay geed ubax guduudan (UU) oo leh geed ubax cad leh (uu). Natiijo ahaan, dhammaan farcanka F1 waxay yeelan doonaan genotype (Uu) sababtoo ah waxay heleen hal allele oo xukuma waalidka ubaxa guduudan iyo hal allele oo recessive ah oo ka yimid waalidka ubaxa cad leh. Sababtoo ah allele-ka guduudan (U) ayaa xukuma, dhammaan dhirta F1 waxay yeelan doonaan nooc guduudan. Markaa, jiilka F1, dhammaan dhirtu waxay leeyihiin nooc guduudan oo leh nooc heterozygous ah (Uu).
– Jiilka F2:
Marka dhirta F1 (Uu) la isku daro, farcanka F2 ee ka dhasha waxay leeyihiin saamiga phenotypic ee 3:1, iyadoo lagu saleynayo afargeeslaha Punnett. Qaybinta genotypic ee ka dhalata waa 1 UU: 2 Uu: 1 uu. Marka la eego phenotypic, 3 ka mid ah dhirta waxay yeelan doonaan ubaxyo guduudan halka 1 uu yeelan doono ubaxyo cadcad.
Sidaa darteed, nooca F2 wuxuu ka kooban yahay:
– 25% UU (homozygous-ka ugu badan)
– 50% Uu (heterozygous)
– 25% uu (homozygous recessive)
Noocani wuxuu ka kooban yahay:
– 75% ubaxyo guduudan (UU iyo Uu)
– 25% ubaxyo cad (uu)
Tusaale Su'aal 2aad: Isgoyska Xayawaanka
Ka fiirso kiiska iskutallaabta jiirka. Bal qiyaas in allele-ka dhogorta madow (B) uu ka sarreeyo allele-ka dhogorta buniga ah (b). Haddii jiirka heterozygous (Bb) uu la gudbo jiirka homozygous recessive (bb), maxay noqon doontaa nooca iyo nooca hidde-sidaha ee farcankooda?
Dood:
– Jiirka koowaad waa heterozygous oo leh genotype (Bb), jiirka labaadna waa recessive homozygous oo leh genotype (bb).
– Adigoo isticmaalaya labajibbaaran Punnett, waxaan arki karnaa isku-darka suurtagalka ah ee allele ee farcanka:
| | B | b |
|—|—-|—-|
| b | Bb | bb |
| b | Bb | bb |
– Noocyada hidde-sideyaasha ee dhici kara ee farcanka waa:
– 50% Bb (heterozygous)
- 50% bb (isku-darka isku-dhafan ee homozigous)
– Marka laga eego nooca dabeecadda:
– 50% farcanka waxay yeelan doonaan dhogor madow (Bb)
- 50% waxay yeelan doonaan dhogor bunni ah (bb)
Su'aal Tusaale ah 3: Taranka Dadka ee Isdhaafsiga ah
Bini'aadamka, u malee in allele-ka faraha caadiga ah (N) uu ku badan yahay allele-ka marka loo eego polydactyly (faraha dheeraadka ah) (n). Haddii hal waalid uu yahay heterozygous sifadan, waalidka kalena uu yahay homozygous oo loo yaqaan recessive, waa maxay saamiga phenotype-to-genotype ee farcanka?
Dood:
– Waalidiinta Heterozygous waxay leeyihiin genotype (Nn), waalidiinta homozygous recessive-na waxay leeyihiin genotype (nn).
– Adigoo isticmaalaya labajibbaaranayaasha Punnett, waxaan helnaa:
| | N | n |
|—|—-|—-|
| n | Nn | nn |
| n | Nn | nn |
– Nooca hidde-sidaha ee farcanka waa:
– 50% Nn (heterozygous)
– 50% nn (homozygous recessive)
– Nooca farcanka waa:
– 50% faraha caadiga ah (Nn)
– 50% polydactyly (nn)
Gabagabo:
Iskutallaabyada Monohybrid waa qalab muhiim u ah fahamka mabaadi'da dhaxalka. Annagoo adeegsanayna mabaadi'da aasaasiga ah sida xukunka iyo dib-u-dhaca, waxaan saadaalin karnaa qaybinta noocyada iyo noocyada hiddo-wadaha jiilalka mustaqbalka. Furaha fahamka iskutallaabyada monohybrid waa aqoonsashada calaamadaha alleles-ka ugu badan iyo kuwa dib-u-dhaca iyo awood u lahaanshaha dhismaha iyo falanqaynta labajibbaarannada Punnett. Ku celcelinta joogtada ah oo leh tusaalooyin kala duwan ayaa xoojin doonta aqoontayada ku saabsan hidde-sideyaasha aasaasiga ah waxayna kor u qaadi doontaa fahamkeenna sida sifooyinka loo dhaxlo.
