Tusaalaha Su'aalaha Doodda Kalorimeter-ka
Fiisikiska, kaloorimetrigu waa laan ka mid ah sayniska oo barta cabbirka kulaylka ee falgallada kiimikada ama isbeddellada jireed. Qalabka loo isticmaalo in lagu cabbiro xaddiga kulaylka waxaa loo yaqaan kaloorimeter. Kalorimetrigu wuxuu door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraa, gaar ahaan thermodynamics iyo kiimikada jirka, halkaas oo isbeddellada tamarta kulaylka lagu arko oo lagu cabbiro.
Mabaadi'da Aasaasiga ah ee Kalorimeter-ka
Mabda'a aasaasiga ah ee kaloorimeter-ka wuxuu ku salaysan yahay sharciga ilaalinta tamarta, kaas oo ah in tamarta aan la abuuri karin ama aan la burburin karin, laakiin waxaa loo beddeli karaa oo keliya hal nooc oo tamar ah una beddeli karaa mid kale. Marka la eego kaloorimeter-ka, tamarta kulaylka ee uu lumiyo nidaamku waa inay la mid noqotaa tamarta kulaylka ee ay nuugto deegaanka. Qalabka ugu weyn ee tijaabooyinka kaloorimeter-ka badanaa waa kaloorimeter, kaas oo noqon kara kaloorimeter fudud, kaas oo ah kaloorimeter biyo ah, ama kaloorimeter ka sii adag, sida kaloorimeter bam.
Qaacidooyinka Kalorimeter-ka Aasaasiga ah
Qaacidada aasaasiga ah ee kaloorimetry waa:
\[ Q = m \cdot c \cdot \Delta T \]
Halkee:
– \( Q \) waa xaddiga kulaylka (joules ama kalooriyada)
– \( m \) waa cufka walaxda ( garaam ama kiilo garaam)
– \( c \) waa kulaylka gaarka ah ee walaxda (J/(g°C) ama cal/(g°C))
– \( \Delta T \) waa isbeddelka heerkulka (°C)
Aan eegno tusaalooyin su'aalo iyo doodo ah si aan si fiican u fahanno fikradda iyo adeegsiga kaloorimeter-ka.
Su'aalo iyo Doodo Tusaale ah 1
Su'aal:
Bir 200 garaam ah ayaa lagu kululeeyaa ilaa 100°C ka dibna lagu dhex shubaa 100 garaam oo biyo ah 20°C. Heerkulka ugu dambeeya ee isku darka waa 27°C. Go'aami kulaylka gaarka ah ee birta! (kuleylka gaarka ah ee biyaha = 4,18 J/(g°C))
Dood:
Tallaabada ugu horreysa waa in la xisaabiyo kulaylka ay nuugaan biyuhu. Adigoo isticmaalaya qaacidada aasaasiga ah:
\[ Q_{\text{air}} = m_{\text{air}} \cdot c_{\text{air}} \cdot \Delta T_{\text{air}} \]
Iyadoo \( m_{\text{air}} = 100 \) garaam, \( c_{\text{air}} = 4.18 \) J/(g°C), iyo \( \Delta T_{\text{air}} = 27°C – 20°C = 7°C \),
\[ Q_{\text{air}} = 100 \jeer 4.18 \jeer 7 = 2926 \qoraal{ J} \]
Kulaylka ay sii deyso birtu wuxuu la mid yahay kulaylka ay nuugto biyuhu, sidaas darteed:
\[ Q_{\text{metal}} = 2926 \text{ J} \]
Isticmaalka qaacidada kulaylka:
\[ m_{\text{metal}} \cdot c_{\text{metal}} \cdot \Delta T_{\text{metal}} = Q_{\text{metal}} \]
oo leh \( m_{\text{metal}} = 200 \) garaam, \(\Delta T_{\text{metal}} = 100°C – 27°C = 73°C \),
\[ 200 \cdot c_{\text{metal}} \cdot 73 = 2926 \text{ J} \]
\[ c_{\text{metal}} = \frac{2926}{200 \times 73} \]
\[ c_{\text{metal}} = 0.2 \text{ J/(g°C)} \]
Markaa, kulaylka gaarka ah ee biraha waa 0.2 J/(g°C).
Su'aalo iyo Doodo Tusaale ah 2
Su'aal:
Baloog baraf ah oo cufkiisu yahay 50 g heerkulkiisu yahay 0°C ayaa lagu ridayaa 200 g oo biyo ah heerkulkiisuna yahay 30°C oo ku jira kaloorimeter. Go'aami heerkulka ugu dambeeya ee isku darka ka dib marka la gaaro dheelitirka kulaylka! (kuleylka isku-darka barafka = 334 J/g, kulayl gaar ah oo biyo ah = 4,18 J/g°C)
Dood:
Tallaabada ugu horreysa waa in la xisaabiyo kulaylka loo baahan yahay si loo dhalaaliyo barafka:
\[ Q_{\text{melt}} = m_{\text{es}} \cdot L \]
oo leh \( m_{\text{es}} = 50 \) garaam iyo \( L = 334 \) J/g,
\[ Q_{\text{melting}} = 50 \times 334 = 16700 \text{ J} \]
Marka xigta, hel kulaylka uu nuugo barafku ka dib marka uu dhalaalo si aad u gaarto heerkulka ugu dambeeya \( T \) (iyadoo la malaynayo in T uu yahay heerkulka ugu dambeeya ee isku darka):
\[ Q_{\text{biyo baraf}} = m_{\text{es}} \cdot c_{\text{air}} \cdot (T – 0°C) \]
oo leh \( c_{\text{air}} = 4.18 \text{ J/g°C} \),
\[ Q_{\text{baraf biyo}} = 50 \jeer 4.18 \jeer T \]
Kulaylka ay sii daayaan biyaha qabow (laga bilaabo 30°C ilaa T):
\[ Q_{\text{air}} = m_{\text{air}} \cdot c_{\text{air}} \cdot (30°C – T) \]
oo leh \( m_{\text{air}} = 200 \) garaam,
\[ Q_{\text{air}} = 200 \jeer 4.18 \jeer (30 – T) \]
Isu dheelitirka kulaylka, xaddiga kulaylka uu nuugo barafku (inuu dhalaalo oo uu ku kululeeyo ilaa T) wuxuu la mid noqon doonaa xaddiga kulaylka ee biyuhu sii daayaan:
\[ Q_{\text{melt}} + Q_{\text{biyaha barafka}} = Q_{\text{biyaha}} \]
\[ 16700 + 50 \ jeer 4.18 \ jeer T = 200 \ jeer 4.18 \ jeer (30 - T) \]
\[ 16700 + 209T = 8360 \jeer (30 – T) \]
\ [ 16700 + 209T = 250800 - 8360T \]
\[ 8569T = 234100 \]
\[ T = \frac{234100}{8569} \qiyaastii 27.3°C \]
Sidaa darteed, heerkulka ugu dambeeya ee isku darka ka dib marka la gaaro dheelitirka kulaylka waa qiyaastii 27.3°C.
Gabagabo
Kalorimetry waa farsamo muhiim ah oo ku jirta fiisigiska iyo kiimikada oo loo isticmaalo in lagu go'aamiyo xaddiga tamarta kulaylka ee habka jireed ama kiimikada. Annagoo adeegsanayna mabaadi'da aasaasiga ah iyo qaacidooyinka kaloorimetry, waxaan xisaabin karnaa cabbirro kala duwan sida kulaylka gaarka ah ee walax, isbeddelka heerkulka, ama tamarta la nuugo/la sii daayo habka. Maqaalkan, waxaan ku eegnay tusaalooyin dhibaatooyin iyo xalalkooda macnaha guud ee fahamka kaloorimetry. Faham wanaagsan oo ku saabsan fikradahan ayaa lagama maarmaan u ah xallinta dhibaatooyinka kala duwan ee thermodynamic iyo codsiyada kale ee wax ku oolka ah.
