Dzidziso yeMashandiro eChimiro muSociology
Pendauluan
Kushanda kwechimiro inzira huru yedzidziso mumagariro evanhu inosimbisa kukosha kwechimiro nebasa munharaunda. Dzidziso iyi inotsvaga kunzwisisa kuti zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvenharaunda—zvakaita semasangano, tsika, uye tsika—zvinodyidzana uye zvinoshanda sei pamwe chete kuchengetedza kugadzikana kwenharaunda uye kugara kwenguva refu. Idzidziso inosimbisa kubvumirana uye kurongeka kwenharaunda pakati pevanhu munharaunda, kusiyana nedzidziso dzinonyanya kutarisana nekusawirirana nekuchinja kwenharaunda. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora nhoroondo, zvinhu zvakakosha, uye kumwe kushoropodzwa kwekushanda kwechimiro.
Nhoroondo yeKushanda Kwemaitiro
Kushanda kwechimiro kwakabva mubasa revafungi vekare vakaita saAuguste Comte naHerbert Spencer, asi kunozivikanwa zvikuru kuburikidza nemabasa aÉmile Durkheim naTalcott Parsons. Durkheim, mumwe wevakatanga sangano rezvemagariro evanhu remazuva ano, akasimbisa kukosha kwekubatana kwevanhu uye kuti nzanga dzinorarama sei uye dzinoshanda sei kuburikidza nekubatanidzwa kwetsika dzakagovaniswa. Talcott Parsons, aishanda pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, akazogadzira dzidziso iyi zvakadzama, achishandisa nzira isina kujeka uye yakabatana.
Pfungwa Dzakakosha muKushanda Kwemaumbirwo
1. Maumbirwo Emagariro Evanhu:
Maumbirwo emagariro evanhu zvinoreva kurongeka kwakasimba kwezvinhu zvemagariro evanhu zvakaita semasangano, mapoka evanhu, zvinzvimbo, uye mabasa anodzora maitiro evanhu munharaunda. Maumbirwo aya anogadzira maitiro ekutaurirana anofungidzirwa uye anonzwisisika.
2. Basa reVanhu:
Mabasa emagariro evanhu ndiwo mhedzisiro yemabasa kana masangano anobatsira kuchengetedza kubatana kwevanhu. Chinhu chimwe nechimwe munharaunda chinoonekwa sechinhu chakakosha chinobatsira pakugadzikana kwese. Semuenzaniso, mhuri inoshanda kubatanidza vana, masangano edzidzo kuendesa ruzivo, uye hurongwa hwemutemo kuchengetedza kurongeka.
3. Kuenzana:
Kushanda kwechimiro kunosimbisa mamiriro ekuenzana mukati mezvimiro zvemagariro evanhu. Kana chimwe chikamu chehurongwa hwemagariro evanhu chikachinja, shanduko iyi inokanganisa zvimwe zvikamu uye inoguma nekuedza kudzoreredza kuenzana kwehurongwa.
4. Kufananidza kweZvinhu Zvakagadzirwa Nezvisikwa:
Kushanda kwemuviri kunowanzo shandisa fananidzo dzechisikigo kutsanangura mashandiro anoita nzanga. Sezvo muviri wemunhu wakaumbwa nenhengo dzakasiyana-siyana dzinoshanda pamwe chete kuti dzirarame, nzanga yakaumbwa nemasangano akasiyana-siyana anoshanda pamwe chete kuti arambe akagadzikana munharaunda.
Simba uye Mupiro
Kushanda kwechimiro kwakabatsira zvikuru mukusimudzira dzidziso yezvemagariro evanhu uye tsvakiridzo yezvakawanikwa. Nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu dzinoshandisa nzira iyi kudzidza zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvenzanga, kubva kusangano remhuri kusvika kumasisitimu edzidzo nezvematongerwo enyika. Nzira iyi inobatsira kutsanangura kuti sei uye nei zvimwe zvinhu zvechimiro chenzanga zvichiripo, pamwe nekutsanangura basa nemupiro wemasangano akasiyana-siyana mukuchengetedza kuenzana kwenharaunda nekurongeka.
Kutsoropodzwa kweMashandiro Ekuvaka
Kunyangwe mashandiro ehurongwa hwekuvaka aine vateveri vakawanda, dzidziso iyi haina vanoitsoropodza. Zvimwe zvezvinotsoropodzwa zvikuru zvekushanda kwehurongwa zvinosanganisira:
1. Kusachinja uye Kuchengetedza:
Vatsoropodzi vanoti mashandiro ehurongwa anonyanya kutarisisa kugadzikana uye kuenzana, zvichiita kuti vasatarise shanduko munharaunda uye kusawirirana. Dzidziso iyi inowanzoonekwa seinotsigira mamiriro ezvinhu aripo uye isina hanya nekusaruramisira munharaunda uye shanduko dziri kuitika munharaunda.
2. Matambudziko Ekutsanangura Simba Nekusawirirana:
Kushanda kwechimiro hakutsananguri zvakakwana basa resimba nekurwisana munharaunda. Vatsoropodzi, vakaita sevaMarxist thinkers, vanosimbisa kuti kusawirirana kwemapoka evanhu uye kusaenzana zvinhu zvisingadzivisiki zvechimiro chenharaunda uye zvinofanirwa kuonekwa sezvikonzero zvekuchinja kwenharaunda.
3. Matambudziko Ekutsanangura Kuora Kwemagariro Evanhu:
Dzidziso iyi inowanzo fungidzira kuti zvese zvine chekuita nemagariro evanhu zvine basa rakanaka. Izvi zvinofuratira chokwadi chekuti mamwe masangano netsika zvinogona kusashanda zvakanaka uye kukanganisa vamwe vanhu munharaunda.
4. Kunyanyisa Kutaurwa:
Maitiro ekuvaka anowanzoonekwa seakanyanya kujeka uye asina kunyatsojeka. Tsananguro dzinopihwa nedzidziso iyi dzinogona kuonekwa sedzisina kujeka uye dzisina kunyatsojeka zvakakwana kuti dziongorore mamiriro akasiyana munharaunda dzakasiyana.
5. Kusarudza Kwemunhu:
Mashandiro ehurongwa dzimwe nguva anoonekwa seanonyanya kusarudzwa, tichifunga kuti vanhu vanongova zvibereko zvehurongwa hwemagariro evanhu pasina kufunga nezvesimba (kukwanisa kuita) kwevanhu mukuchinja maitiro iwayo.
Kushanda Kwemaumbirwo Mumamiriro Emazuva Ano
Kunyangwe mashandiro ehurongwa hwezvinhu akatarisana nekutsoropodzwa kukuru, pfungwa dzakawanda nenzira dzakagadzirwa nedzidziso iyi dzichiri kushanda uye dzinoshandiswa mumagariro evanhu emazuva ano. Dzidziso iyi yakashanduka uye yakagadziridzwa kuti ienderane nekufambira mberi mumagariro evanhu anonyanya kutarisa pamasimba, kusawirirana, uye shanduko munharaunda. Semuenzaniso, neo-functionalism kuyedza kugadzirisa nekugadzirisa mashandiro ehurongwa kuti ufunge nezvemasimba uye simba remunhu.
Maitiro aya achiri kukosha seimwe yemaonero akawanda edzidziso anoshandiswa kunzwisisa kuoma kwenharaunda, uye anobatsira nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu kuongorora kuti zvikamu zvemaumbirwo zvinobatana sei uye zvinopesvedzera sei hupenyu hwevanhu nemapoka munharaunda.
Mhedziso
Kushanda kwechimiro (Structural functionalism) idzidziso yekare mumagariro evanhu, inopa hurongwa hwakakosha hwekunzwisisa kuti maumbirwo nemabasa munharaunda zvinodyidzana sei kuti pave nekugadzikana uye kugadzikana munharaunda. Pasinei nekutsoropodzwa kukuru, kunyanya kubva pamaonero anochinja-chinja uye akakosha, nzira iyi yakapesvedzera zvikuru kukura kwemagariro evanhu uye inoramba ichikosha muzvidzidzo zvemazuva ano zvevanhu. Nekunzwisisa simba rayo nemiganhu yayo, kushanda kwechimiro kunogona kuva chishandiso chinobatsira chekuongorora kunzwisisa kuomarara nekusiyana kwenharaunda.
