Maitiro Ekugadzira Polystyrene Plastiki uye Mashandisirwo Ayo Mukupakata Kwechikafu
Polystyrene purasitiki, inozivikanwa zviri nani sepolystyrene muchiRungu, ipurasitiki inoshandiswa zvakasiyana-siyana inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumaindasitiri akasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira kurongedza chikafu. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura maitiro ekugadzira polystyrene uye mashandisirwo ayo mukurongedza chikafu zvakadzama.
Nhoroondo Pfupi uye Maumbirwo eKemikari ePolystyrene
Polystyrene yakatanga kugadzirwa naEdward Simon muna 1839. Zvisinei, polystyrene yakazogadzirwa kusvika kuma1930 kuti ive chinhu chekutengeserana nekambani yekuGermany IG Farben. Polystyrene ipolymer inonhuhwirira yakagadzirwa kubva kumonomer styrene, inova vinylbenzene compound. Maumbirwo ayo emakemikoro ane mayuniti emonomer anodzokororwa:
\[ [-CH_2-CH(C_6H_5)-]_n \]
Apo \(C_6H_5\) iri mhete yephenyl inoita kuti polystyrene ive nehunhu hwayo hwakasiyana hwakadai sekuomarara uye kugara kwenguva refu.
Maitiro Ekugadzira Polystyrene
1. Kugadzirwa kweStyrene Monomer:
Maitiro ekugadzira polystyrene anotanga nekugadzirwa kwestyrene monomer. Styrene inogadzirwa kuburikidza nekubvisa hydrogenation ye ethylbenzene, izvo zvinosanganisira matanho akati wandei:
– Alkylation yebenzene: Benzene inopindirana ne ethylene kuti igadzire ethylbenzene kana paine acid catalyst.
– Kubviswa kwehydrogen mu ethylbenzene: Tevere, ethylbenzene inodziiswa pakupisa kwakanyanya (kusvika 600-650°C) ne iron oxide catalyst kuti igadzire styrene nehydrogen.
2. Kugadziriswa kweStyrene:
Styrene inozobva yagadzirwa kuti igadzire polystyrene. Nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dze polymerization dzinogona kushandiswa, kusanganisira mass, suspension, uye emulsion polymerization. Zvisinei, inonyanya kushandiswa ndeye suspension polymerization, iyo inosanganisira matanho anotevera:
– Kutanga: Polymerization inotanga ne free radical initiator iyo inokonzera styrene kuumba free radicals.
– Kupararira: Mafree radicals kubva kumamonomers achakwezva mamwe mamonomers, achigadzira cheni refu dzepolymer.
– Kugumiswa: Maitiro aya anoenderera mberi kusvika polymer yasvika pakureba kwemamorekuru kwaidiwa uye reaction yapera.
3. Kuburitsa uye Kugadzira:
Mushure mekuita polymerization, polystyrene inobuda inenge iri muchimiro chemapellets kana granules. Magranules epolystyrene anozoomeswa uye anonyungudutswa uchishandisa muchina wekubvisa. Maitiro aya ekubvisa anobvumira zvinhu kuti zviumbwe kuita maumbirwo akasiyana-siyana sezvinodiwa, akadai semapepa ekurongedza chikafu.
Kushandiswa kwePolystyrene muPackaging yeChikafu
Polystyrene ine mhando dzakasiyana-siyana zvichienderana nechimiro chayo uye hunhu hwayo, dzinosanganisira:
– General Purpose Polystyrene (GPPS): Ine hunhu hwakajeka uye husina kusimba, hunowanzo shandiswa pakugadzira zvinhu zvinoraswa zvakaita sezvipunu zvepurasitiki, maforogo, nemaplate.
– High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS): Yakagadzirwa nerabha yebutadiene, ine simba rakawanda uye inoshandiswa pakurongedza zvinhu zvinoda kusimba zvakanyanya.
– Expanded Polystyrene Foam (EPS): Chigadzirwa ichi chine hunhu hwakanaka hwekudzivirira kupisa uye chakareruka, chinoshandiswa mumidziyo yechikafu yakaita se styrofoam.
Kurongedza Chikafu chePolystyrene
Polystyrene inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri yekurongedza chikafu nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakakosha zvakasiyana, zvinosanganisira huremu hwayo hushoma, mutengo wakaderera, uye kugona kwayo kuchinjika. Heano mamwe mashandisirwo chaiwo epolystyrene mukurongedza chikafu:
1. Zvirongo Zvekudya Zvinokurumidza:
Imwe yenzira dzinonyanya kushandiswa ndeyekushandisa midziyo yeStyrofoam pakugadzira chikafu chinokurumidza. Midziyo iyi ine hunhu hwakanaka hwekudzivirira kupisa, zvichiita kuti chikafu chigare chichipisa kana kutonhora kwenguva yakareba.
2. Makapu neNdiro dzepurasitiki:
Makapu, ndiro, uye zvinhu zvekushandisa (zvipunu, maforogo) zvinowanzogadzirwa nepolystyrene kana HIPS nekuda kwekujeka kwayo uye kuramba kwayo kupenya.
3. Kurongedza Nyama neHove:
Nyama nehove zvinoiswa mumachira uchishandisa matireyi epolystyrene akafukidzwa nepurasitiki. Matireyi aya anobatsira kuchengetedza hunyoro uye kuwedzera chitarisiko chechigadzirwa.
4. Kurongedza Zai:
Kurongedza mazai emufuro wepolystyrene kunoshandiswa nekuda kwesimba rawo rinobata kuvhunduka, zvichipa dziviriro yakawanda kumazai kubva pakutyoka panguva yekugoverwa.
5. Tireyi Yezvekudya Nezvinwiwa:
Matrei epolystyrene anowanzo shandiswa kupa chikafu nezvinwiwa munzvimbo dzakadai semacanteen, maresitorendi, uye mumabhokisi ekudya endege.
Kunetseka Nezvezvakatipoteredza uye Kuedza Kudzokorodza Zvinhu
Pasinei nemabhenefiti ayo akawanda, kushandiswa kwepolystyrene mumapakeji ezvekudya kunokonzerawo kunetseka nezvezvakatipoteredza. Polystyrene chinhu chisingaori, zvichikonzera dambudziko remarara epurasitiki anoremedza nharaunda.
1. Kuderedza uye Kutsiva:
Hurumende zhinji nemasangano ekuchengetedza nharaunda vari kuedza kuderedza kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvinoshandiswa kamwe chete zvepolystyrene uye kuzvitsiva nezvinhu zvisingakuvadzi nharaunda zvakaita semapurasitiki kana makadhibhodhi.
2. Kudzokorodza:
Pamusoro pezvo, kudzokorodza polystyrene idanho rakakosha mukuderedza kukanganiswa kwayo. Maitiro ekudzokorodza anosanganisira kuunganidza, kurongedza, kuchenesa, uye kugadzirisazve polystyrene kuita zvigadzirwa zvitsva.
3. Kuvandudzwa kweTekinoroji:
Zvinhu zvitsva zvakasiyana-siyana zviri kugadzirwawo kuti polystyrene ive isingakuvadzi nharaunda, kusanganisira matekinoroji anobvumira polystyrene kuora nekukurumidza kana kushandisa zvinhu zvitsva zvinobva muzvinhu zvinogona kushandiswazve.
Mhedziso
Polystyrene chinhu chakakosha muindasitiri yekurongedza chikafu nekuda kwekushanda kwayo kwakasiyana-siyana, kureruka, uye kushanda zvakanaka kwemari. Maitiro ekugadzira kwayo anosanganisira matanho akati wandei, kubva pakugadzirwa kwemamonomer estyrene kusvika pakugadziriswa kwepolymer uye kugadzirwa kwezvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa. Pasinei nemabhenefiti ayo akawanda, zvakakosha kutarisira polystyrene nekuchenjera kuderedza kukanganisa kwayo kwakaipa nharaunda uye kutsigira kuedza kudzokorodza zvinhu kwenguva refu.
Kushandisa nekuchenjera, zvichiteverwa nekuedza kutsva kuderedza kukanganiswa kwayo nezvakatipoteredza, ndiyo kiyi yekushandiswa kwepolystyrene mune ramangwana.
