Kugwirizana Pakati pa Sociology ndi Anthropology
Mu dziko la sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu, chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zimaonekera ngati maphunziro ogwirizana kwambiri, iliyonse imapereka malingaliro apadera koma ogwirizana pa khalidwe la anthu, magulu a anthu, ndi zikhalidwe. Magawo onsewa amayesetsa kumvetsetsa zovuta za kukhalapo kwa anthu, ngakhale kuti amafika pa cholingachi kudzera m'magalasi osiyanasiyana. Kufufuza kulumikizana pakati pa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu kumavumbula kuyanjana kwakukulu mu njira zawo, zolinga, ndi malingaliro awo, pamapeto pake kumathandizira kumvetsetsa bwino moyo wa anthu.
Mbiri Yakale ndi Chitukuko
Sociology ndi anthropology zili ndi mizu yosiyana m'mbiri, koma chitukuko chawo chakhala chogwirizana kwambiri. Sociology, yomwe nthawi zambiri imatchedwa kuphunzira za anthu, idayamba m'zaka za m'ma 19 poyankha kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu komwe kudayambitsidwa ndi mafakitale ndi kusintha kwamakono. Anthu oganiza ngati Auguste Comte, Émile Durkheim, Karl Marx, ndi Max Weber cholinga chawo chinali kumvetsetsa zovuta za dongosolo la chikhalidwe cha anthu, kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhudza khalidwe la anthu m'madera amakono.
Anthropology, yochokera ku mawu achigiriki otanthauza "munthu" (anthropos) ndi "kuphunzira" (logos), idayamba ngati gawo lophunzirira zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana, makamaka anthu omwe si akumadzulo. Idayamba panthawi ya kufalikira ndi kufufuza kwa atsamunda, ndipo akatswiri ofufuza za chikhalidwe cha anthu oyambirira monga Franz Boas, Bronisław Malinowski, ndi Alfred Radcliffe-Brown adagogomezera kudalira chikhalidwe ndi ntchito za anthu kuti ndizofunikira kumvetsetsa zikhalidwe za anthu.
Ngakhale kuti malo awo oyambira anali osiyana, maphunziro onsewa asintha mwa kubwereka malingaliro ndi njira kuchokera kwa wina ndi mnzake. Kuyanjana kovuta kumeneku kumaonekera m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira machitidwe ofufuza ogwirizana mpaka maziko ogwirizana a chiphunzitso.
Zofanana mu Njira Zofufuzira
Kugwirizana kwakukulu pakati pa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi maphunziro a anthu kuli mu njira zawo zofufuzira zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa. Masukulu onsewa amagwiritsa ntchito njira zowerengera komanso zowerengera kuti afufuze khalidwe la anthu ndi zochitika za anthu. Njira zowerengera, monga ethnography, kuyang'anira ophunzira, ndi kuyankhulana mozama, ndizodziwika bwino mu maphunziro a anthu komanso zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri mu maphunziro a anthu kuti asonkhanitse zambiri zokhudzana ndi zomwe anthu akumana nazo pamoyo wawo. Njirazi zimathandiza ofufuza kufufuza miyambo ya chikhalidwe, kuyanjana kwa anthu, ndi matanthauzo kuchokera kwa munthu wamkati.
Njira zowerengera, kuphatikizapo kafukufuku, zoyesera, ndi kusanthula ziwerengero, ndizofunikira kwambiri mu chikhalidwe cha anthu kuti timvetsetse machitidwe akuluakulu a anthu komanso malingaliro oyesera. Akatswiri a za anthu amagwiritsanso ntchito njira zowerengera kuti afufuze zinthu monga momwe anthu amakhalira, kapangidwe ka ubale, ndi machitidwe azachuma. Kuphatikiza njira zowerengera ndi zowerengera kumathandiza ofufuza m'magawo onse awiri kumvetsetsa bwino zochitika za anthu.
Komanso, maphunziro onsewa akugogomezera kufunika kwa kafukufuku woyerekeza. Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu nthawi zambiri amayerekezera magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu, mabungwe, kapena mabungwe kuti azindikire mitundu ndi kusiyana, pomwe akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu nthawi zambiri amayang'ana kwambiri kufananiza kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kuti apeze mbali zonse za moyo wa anthu komanso chikhalidwe chawo. Lingaliro loyerekezali limathandiza kufotokoza mfundo zomwe zimapangitsa khalidwe la anthu komanso kayendetsedwe ka anthu.
Theoretical Frameworks ndi Concepts
Sociology ndi anthropology zimagawana mfundo ndi malingaliro ambiri omwe amagogomezera mgwirizano wawo. Kapangidwe ka ntchito, kuyanjana kwa zizindikiro, chiphunzitso cha mikangano, ndi postmodernism ndi zitsanzo zina za ziphunzitso zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo onse awiri pofufuza kapangidwe ka anthu, njira, ndi matanthauzo.
Kapangidwe ka zinthu, komwe kanayambitsidwa ndi Émile Durkheim ndipo kanapitirizidwanso ndi akatswiri a za chikhalidwe cha anthu monga AR Radcliffe-Brown, kamaona anthu ngati njira yovuta ya magawo ogwirizana omwe amagwira ntchito limodzi kuti asunge bata ndi bata. Lingaliro limeneli limagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzira mabungwe a anthu, miyambo, ndi maudindo awo pakulimbikitsa mgwirizano wa anthu.
Kuyanjana kwa zizindikiro, komwe kumachokera m'ntchito za akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu monga George Herbert Mead ndi Herbert Blumer, kumagogomezera kufunika kwa zizindikiro ndi matanthauzo pakugwirizana kwa anthu. Akatswiri a za chikhalidwe cha anthu amagwiritsanso ntchito lingaliro limeneli kuti amvetse momwe zizindikiro ndi miyambo ya chikhalidwe zimakhudzira malingaliro a anthu ndi maubwenzi awo.
Chiphunzitso cha mikangano, chozikidwa pa ndemanga ya Karl Marx ya mabungwe a capitalist, chimayang'ana mphamvu, kusalingana, ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu ndi akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu amagwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi pofufuza magulu, mafuko, amuna ndi akazi, ndi mitundu ina ya magulu a anthu komanso mikangano yomwe imabwera chifukwa cha zimenezi m'madera osiyanasiyana.
Postmodernism, yomwe imatsutsa nkhani zazikulu ndipo imavomereza kusiyanasiyana, kusamveka bwino, ndi kugawikana, yakhudza magulu onse awiri. Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu ndi akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu amagwiritsa ntchito malingaliro a postmodern kuti afufuze mozama malingaliro a umunthu, chikhalidwe, ndi mphamvu m'magulu amakono.
Madera Olumikizirana ndi Kugwirizana
Madera angapo ofufuza akuwonetsa mgwirizano ndi mgwirizano pakati pa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Maphunziro okhudza kufalikira kwa dziko lonse lapansi, kusamuka kwa anthu, ndi kufalikira kwa mayiko osiyanasiyana ndi zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri za mitu yomwe maphunziro onsewa amakumana kuti apereke kusanthula kwathunthu.
Kugwirizana kwa dziko lonse, komwe kumadziwika ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kulumikizana ndi kusinthana kwa chikhalidwe, kuli ndi tanthauzo lalikulu kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi. Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu amafufuza momwe kudalirana kwa dziko lonse lapansi kumakhudzira machitidwe azachuma, kusalingana kwa chikhalidwe, ndi kufanana kwa chikhalidwe, pomwe akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu amafufuza momwe zikhalidwe zakomweko zimasinthira, kukana, kapena kusintha poyankha zisonkhezero zapadziko lonse lapansi. Kafukufuku wogwirizana m'derali amapereka chidziwitso chapadera pa mgwirizano wovuta pakati pa mphamvu zapadziko lonse lapansi ndi zakomweko zomwe zimapangitsa miyoyo ya anthu.
Maphunziro ofufuza za kusamuka amapindulanso ndi ukatswiri wophatikizana wa akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu ndi akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu. Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu amafufuza njira zosamukira, mfundo, ndi kuphatikiza kwa osamukira m'magulu olandirira alendo, akugogomezera zinthu zomwe zimachitika komanso malo ochezera. Komabe, akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu amaganizira kwambiri zomwe anthu osamukira amakhala nazo, kukambirana za umunthu wawo, komanso kusintha kwa chikhalidwe chawo. Pamodzi, malingaliro awa amapereka kumvetsetsa kwathunthu za kusamuka ngati chochitika cha anthu ambiri.
Transnationalism, yomwe imafufuza kulumikizana ndi kuyenda kwa anthu, katundu, malingaliro, ndi ndalama kudutsa malire a mayiko, ikuwonetsanso momwe maphunziro a chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi anthropology amagwirira ntchito limodzi. Ofufuza m'magawo onse awiriwa amafufuza momwe machitidwe amitundu yonse amapangira umunthu, madera, ndi mabungwe a anthu, kupereka lingaliro logwirizana la moyo wamakono wa anthu.
Kutsiliza
Kugwirizana pakati pa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi maphunziro a anthu kumawonekera bwino mu zolinga zawo, njira, ndi mfundo zawo zofanana. Masukulu onsewa amayesetsa kuthetsa zovuta za khalidwe la anthu, kapangidwe ka chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndi matanthauzo a chikhalidwe, nthawi zambiri amagwirizana ndikubwerekana kuti awonjezere kusanthula kwawo. Mwa kuzindikira ndi kulandira kulumikizana kwawo, akatswiri a chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi akatswiri a chikhalidwe cha anthu amatha kupitiriza kupereka chidziwitso chofunikira pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso yosinthasintha ya magulu a anthu. Kaya kudzera mu kafukufuku woyerekeza, mgwirizano wamagulu osiyanasiyana, kapena kuphatikiza njira zowerengera ndi zowerengera, mgwirizano pakati pa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi maphunziro a anthu umalimbikitsa kumvetsetsa kozama komanso kozama kwa dziko la chikhalidwe cha anthu.
