Kumvetsetsa momwe mita yamagetsi imagwirira ntchito poyesa mphamvu ya solar panel system
Kugwiritsa ntchito ma solar panels (PLTS) kukuchulukirachulukira chifukwa cha kuthekera kwawo kuchepetsa ndalama zamagetsi ndi utsi woipa. Komabe, ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri atsopano akadali osokonezeka: kodi "kuchuluka" kwa magetsi kuchokera ku ma solar panels kumawerengedwa bwanji? Apa ndi pomwe ntchito ya ma electrical meter imakhala yofunika kwambiri. Ma meter si ma kWh counters okha, komanso zida zomwe zimalemba momwe mphamvu imayendera pakati pa nyumba, solar panel system, ndi grid yamagetsi imagwirira ntchito. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza momwe ma electrical meter amagwirira ntchito poyesa kutulutsa kwa ma solar panel a PV, mitundu ya ma meter omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, komanso momwe mungawerengere bwino detayo.
1. Zoyambira pakuyeza magetsi: kuyambira ma Watts mpaka kWh
Tisanayambe kugwiritsa ntchito mita, tiyenera kumvetsetsa mayunitsi omwe akuyesedwa:
– Watt (W) ndi gawo la mphamvu, kutanthauza “kuthamanga” kwa magetsi komwe magetsi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kapena kupangidwa panthawi inayake.
– Kilowatt-ola (kWh) ndi gawo la mphamvu, lomwe ndi kusonkhanitsa mphamvu pakapita nthawi inayake.
Chitsanzo: 1.000 W (1 kW) ikuyenda kwa ola limodzi = 1 kWh.
Ma solar panels amapanga mphamvu zomwe zimasinthasintha malinga ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa, kutentha, ndi zina. Chifukwa chake, mphamvu ya magetsi ya dzuwa nthawi zambiri imasinthasintha tsiku lonse. Ma mita amagetsi amalemba mphamvu yosonkhanitsidwa (kWh) pa nthawi inayake (tsiku ndi tsiku, pamwezi), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale maziko owerengera mabilu kapena malipoti opanga.
2. Kuyenda kwa mphamvu mu dongosolo la solar panel lomwe lili pa grid
Mu makina amagetsi a dzuwa omwe ali pa gridi, mphamvu imatha kuyenda mbali zingapo:
1. Ma solar panels amapanga magetsi a DC (direct current).
2. Chosinthira magetsi chimasintha DC kukhala AC (alternating current) chomwe chimagwirizana ndi miyezo yapakhomo ndi ya gridi.
3. Magetsi a AC ochokera ku inverter amagwiritsidwa ntchito choyamba ndi katundu wapakhomo (magetsi, AC, firiji, ndi zina zotero).
4. Ngati kupanga kwa dzuwa kuli kwakukulu kuposa kugwiritsa ntchito kunyumba, mphamvu yochulukirapo idzatumizidwa ku gridi.
5. Ngati kupanga kwa dzuwa kuli kochepa kuposa momwe kugwiritsidwira ntchito, kusowa kwa magetsi kudzachokera ku gridi.
Popeza kuti magetsi otumizidwa kunja ndi otumizidwa kunja amatha kuchitika, mita yamagetsi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri iyenera kusiyanitsa komwe magetsi akuyenda. Ichi ndi chomwe chimasiyanitsa mita yamagetsi ya makasitomala wamba ndi yomwe imagwirizana ndi magetsi a dzuwa omwe ali pa gridi.
3. Ntchito ya mita yamagetsi potengera PLTS
Mu dongosolo la solar panel, mita imatha kugwira ntchito zingapo zazikulu:
1. Yesani mphamvu yochokera ku PLN (gridi) - magetsi omwe mumatenga kuchokera ku netiweki.
2. Kuyeza mphamvu yotumizira kunja ku PLN - magetsi ochulukirapo ochokera ku PLTS otumizidwa ku gridi.
3. Kuwerengera mphamvu zonse - kusiyana pakati pa zinthu zolowa ndi zotumizidwa kunja, kutengera dongosolo loyenera.
4. Lembani mbiri ya katundu ndi kupanga - pa ma smart mita, deta ikhoza kulembedwa mwatsatanetsatane nthawi iliyonse.
Kuwonjezera pa zoyezera magetsi (monga PLN), nthawi zambiri pamakhala zoyezera magetsi kapena zida zowunikira magetsi zomwe zimawerengera mphamvu yonse yopangidwa ndi ma solar panels. Izi ndi zosiyana: zoyezera magetsi zimayang'ana kwambiri pakuchita mphamvu ndi gridi, pomwe zoyezera magetsi zimayang'ana kwambiri pakupanga magetsi a dzuwa.
4. Mitundu ya magetsi ogwiritsira ntchito pa makina a solar panel
a) Chiyeso cha mbali imodzi
Mita iyi ndi yofala kwa makasitomala wamba. Imayesa mphamvu zomwe zimalowa m'nyumba kuchokera ku gridi (kulowetsa kunja). Ngati itayikidwa m'nyumba yokhala ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa popanda malo oyenera, mita yolowera mbali imodzi ingakhale yosayenera chifukwa sinapangidwe kuti iyesere kutumiza kunja.
b) Mita ya njira ziwiri (yolunjika mbali zonse ziwiri / mita yolondola)
Mamita a njira ziwiri amatha kuwerenga:
- kWh yochokera kunja
- kutumiza kunja kwa kWh
Pa chiwonetsero cha mita ya digito, nthawi zambiri pamakhala khodi yeniyeni kapena kaundula yomwe imawonetsa zinthu ziwirizi. Iyi ndi mita yodziwika bwino ya njira zoyezera kuchuluka kwa magetsi kapena njira zotumizira ndi kutumiza mphamvu kunja.
c) Mita yanzeru yokhala ndi nthawi yolumikizira deta
Ma Smart Meter amatha kutumiza deta yokha ndipo nthawi zambiri amapereka mawerengedwe nthawi ndi nthawi (monga, mphindi 15 kapena 30 zilizonse). Ndi deta ya nthawi ndi nthawi, ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kuwona nthawi yomwe kupanga kuli kokwera, kugwiritsa ntchito kuli kokwera, komanso kutumiza kunja kuli kokwera.
d) Mita yopangira yosiyana (mita yopangira)
Makina ena amaika ma mita ena makamaka kuti ayesere kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe inverter imatulutsa kapena mphamvu zonse zomwe zimapangidwa ndi ma panelo. Ma mita amenewa nthawi zambiri amaikidwa mbali ya mphamvu ya inverter (AC) kapena pamalo enaake pagawo logawa. Cholinga chawo ndi kupereka malipoti a kupanga, kusanthula magwiridwe antchito, kapena kuwunika.
5. Momwe mita yolumikizirana njira ziwiri "imamvetsetsera" zinthu zolowa ndi zotumizidwa kunja
Ma digito meter amakono amagwira ntchito motsatira mfundo yoyezera magetsi ndi magetsi, kenako n’kuwerengera mphamvu ndi mphamvu.
Mwachidule:
– Chidachi chimawerenga magetsi (V) ndi magetsi (A).
– Chida choyezera magetsi chimaganizira mphamvu ya AC load.
– Chiyesochi chimayesa mphamvu yogwira ntchito (kW).
– Mphamvu yogwira ntchito imaphatikizidwa pakapita nthawi kuti ikhale mphamvu (kWh).
Kusiyana kwakukulu kwa mita yozungulira mbali zonse ziwiri ndi kuthekera kozindikira komwe magetsi akupita kapena komwe magetsi akuyenda:
- Ngati magetsi akuyenda kuchokera pa gridi kupita kunyumba, mita imawonjezera kaundula wolowetsa kWh.
– Ngati magetsi akuyenda kuchokera mnyumba (solar inverter) kupita ku gridi, mita imawonjezera register ya kWh export.
Motero, panthawi yopanga magetsi ambiri masana komanso kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi ochepa m'nyumba, kutumiza kunja kumatha kuchitika ndipo kumalembedwa ngati kutumiza kunja kwa kWh. Masana kapena madzulo, kutumiza kunja nthawi zambiri kumawonjezeka chifukwa mapanelo sakupanga magetsi.
6. N’chifukwa chiyani manambala omwe ali pa mita ya PLN angakhale osiyana ndi pulogalamu ya inverter?
Ogwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri amayerekeza ziwerengero za "zopanga tsiku ndi tsiku" mu pulogalamu ya inverter ndi ziwerengero zomwe zikuwonetsedwa pa mita yogwiritsira ntchito. Kusiyana kumeneku ndi kwachibadwa chifukwa sizimayesa chinthu chomwecho:
- Pulogalamu yowunikira ya inverter/kupanga imalemba mphamvu yonse yopangidwa.
- Mamita a PLN amalemba mphamvu yolowera ndi kutuluka mu netiweki.
Chitsanzo chosavuta:
- Kupanga kwa mapanelo a dzuwa: 10 kWh/tsiku
- Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamagetsi ya nyumba masana: 6 kWh
– Tumizani ku gridi: 4 kWh
Pamenepa:
- Kugwiritsa ntchito ma inverter: 10 kWh (kupanga)
– PLN mita: kutumiza kunja kwawonjezeka ndi 4 kWh (ndipo kutumiza kunja kwachepa chifukwa mphamvu ya dzuwa inkaperekedwa masana)
Popeza mphamvu zina zomwe zimapangidwa “zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yomweyo” (kudzigwiritsa ntchito wekha), mita ya PLN siimalemba kuti ndi yotumizidwa kunja—ngakhale kuti ikadali mphamvu yochokera ku dongosolo la dzuwa.
7. Mvetsetsani njira yowerengera: ukonde vs kugula zonse kugulitsa zonse
Ndondomeko zowerengera ndalama zamagetsi zimatha kusiyana malinga ndi mfundo ndi malamulo amagetsi. Malingaliro awiri akuluakulu:
1. Kuyesa ukonde (kuyeza ukonde / kubweza ukonde)
Mphamvu yotumizidwa kunja ikhoza kuchepetsedwa ndi mphamvu yotumizidwa kunja kwa nthawi inayake. Njira yeniyeni (monga, pamwezi, ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama zotumizidwa) zimadalira malamulo oyenera.
2. Gulani zonse mugule zonse (zosazolowereka m'mabanja)
Zogulitsa zonse zimagulitsidwa ku gridi kudzera mu zoyezera zopanga, ndipo zogwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyumba zimagulidwa mosiyana ndi gridi. Izi nthawi zambiri zimafuna njira yosiyana yoyezera.
Kumvetsetsa njira yomwe yagwiritsidwa ntchito ndikofunikira kuti musamvetse molakwika ziwerengero za "ndalama zosungidwa" kapena "ngongole" zamagetsi.
8. Momwe mungawerengere chiwonetsero cha mita kwa ogwiritsa ntchito PLTS
Mita iliyonse ili ndi chiwonetsero ndi khodi yosiyana, koma nthawi zambiri muyenera kuyang'ana:
- Tumizani kWh (mphamvu kuchokera ku gridi)
- Tumizani kWh (mphamvu ku gridi)
- Nthawi zina pamakhalanso kWh yonse kapena cholembera chowonjezera.
Malangizo othandiza:
- Lembani ziwerengero za katundu wolowa ndi wotumizidwa kunja nthawi yomweyo tsiku lililonse kapena kumapeto kwa mwezi uliwonse.
- Yerekezerani ndi lipoti la inverter kuti mudziwe gawo la kupanga lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachindunji (kudzigwiritsa ntchito nokha).
– Ngati pali kusintha kulikonse kwachilendo (mwachitsanzo, palibe kutumiza kunja ngakhale kuti kupanga kuli kwakukulu), yang'anani kasinthidwe ndi komwe CT (current transformer) ikupita ngati kulipo.
9. Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza kulondola kwa muyeso
Mamita amakono nthawi zambiri amakhala olondola, koma zinthu zingapo zingakhudze kuwerenga kwake:
- Kalasi yolondola ya mita (monga Kalasi 1 kapena kupitirira apo).
- Ubwino wa kukhazikitsa (maulumikizidwe otayirira angayambitse mavuto).
- Kapangidwe ka CT/VT pa makina okhala ndi masensa akunja.
- Kusokonezeka kwa harmonic kuchokera ku katundu wina kapena ma inverter (nthawi zambiri mita yamakono imathabe kuyeza molondola, koma khalidwe la chipangizocho limakhala ndi zotsatira).
Ngati deta ikuwoneka yachilendo, gawo loyamba ndikutsimikizira ndi data ya inverter, onani mawonekedwe a katundu, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mita yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mita yoyenera yolunjika mbali zonse ziwiri.
10. Kesimpulan
Mamita amagetsi amagwira ntchito ngati "mlatho wa data" womwe umafotokoza momwe mphamvu zochokera ku ma solar panels zimagwirira ntchito ndi grid. Mu malo opangira magetsi a solar omwe ali pa grid, ma mita a bidirectional amalemba mphamvu zomwe zimatumizidwa ndi kutumizidwa kunja padera, ndipo zotsatira zake zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwerengera mabilu malinga ndi dongosolo loyenera. Ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa kuti ziwerengero zomwe zili pa ma utility meter sizikufanana ndi kupanga konse kwa PV, chifukwa kupanga kwina kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachindunji ndi nyumba. Pomvetsetsa momwe ma mita amagwirira ntchito komanso momwe angawerengere ma import-export registers, ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kuwunika momwe makina amagwirira ntchito, kuwerengera ndalama zomwe zasungidwa molondola, ndikupeza mavuto msanga.
Ngati mukufuna, nditha kusintha nkhaniyi kuti igwirizane ndi zomwe mukufuna (monga malamulo ku Indonesia/PLN, mtundu wa mita yomwe mumagwiritsa ntchito, kapena chitsanzo cha kuwerengera kutengera deta yanu ya tsiku ndi tsiku).
