Kapangidwe ndi Mitundu ya Maziko a Ma Turbine a Mphepo
Kupanga ma turbine amphepo sikungokhala nsanja zazitali ndi masamba akuluakulu omwe amawoneka pamwamba. Pali chinthu chofunikira chomwe "chimagwira ntchito" pansi pa nthaka kapena pansi pa nyanja: maziko. Maziko amathandiza kusamutsa mosamala katundu wonse wa turbine—wosasinthasintha komanso wosinthasintha—pansi, kusunga bata, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti moyo wa ntchito ya nyumbayo ukukwaniritsa zolinga za kapangidwe. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za kapangidwe koyambira ka maziko a turbine yamphepo ndi mitundu yawo yogwiritsira ntchito m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
-
Udindo ndi Cholemetsa Chimene Maziko Ayenera Kunyamula
Ma turbine a mphepo amakumana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya katundu. Munthawi yogwira ntchito bwino, maziko ayenera kuthandizira kulemera kwa nsanja, nacelle, rotor, ndi zigawo zamkati. Komabe, mavuto akulu nthawi zambiri amabwera chifukwa cha katundu wokhudzana ndi chilengedwe komanso wosinthasintha, monga:
1. Mphepo yothamanga (yothamanga mumlengalenga)
Kukankha kuchokera ku rotor kumapanga mphamvu yayikulu yopingasa pa nsanjayo ndipo kumayambitsa mphindi yogubuduzika.
2. Kutopa ndi katundu wolemera
Kuzungulira kwa rotator, kugwedezeka, ndi kusinthasintha kwa kayendedwe ka mphepo/liwiro kumapangitsa kuti zinthu zibwerezedwe zomwe zingayambitse ming'alu ndi kuchepa kwa kuuma pakapita nthawi.
3. Kulemera kwa zivomerezi
M'malo omwe nthaka imagwedezeka, maziko ayenera kupangidwa kuti azitha kupirira kuthamanga kwa nthaka, madzi omwe angalowe m'nthaka, komanso kusintha kosatha.
4. Mkhalidwe wa nthaka (geotechnical)
Kusiyanasiyana kwa mphamvu yodula nthaka, kuphatikizana, kuchuluka kwa madzi apansi panthaka, ndi mphamvu yonyamula zinthu zimakhudza kwambiri kusankha mtundu wa maziko.
5. Kwa gombe: mafunde, mafunde, ndi dzimbiri
Maziko a m'mphepete mwa nyanja amapirira mphamvu za hydrodynamic, kugwedezeka kwa mafunde, ndi malo owononga omwe amafunikira chitetezo chowonjezera.
Popeza ma turbine a mphepo ndi opyapyala komanso ataliatali, nkhani zofunika kwambiri ndi kukhazikika polimbana ndi kugubuduzika ndi kusintha/kupendekeka. Kukhazikika kwambiri kapena kusiyana kungasokoneze kulinganiza kwa nsanja, kuwonjezera kugwedezeka, ndikufulumizitsa kulephera kwa zigawo.
-
Kapangidwe Kakakulu ka Maziko a Mphepo Yopangira Mphamvu (Onshore)
Mu ma turbine a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, maziko nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi maziko a konkriti yolimbikitsidwa yomwe imalimbitsa nsanjayo ndi makina a bolt. Kapangidwe kake nthawi zambiri kamakhala ndi:
– Pedestal / Plinth: gawo la konkriti lomwe limatuluka pamwamba pa nthaka ngati chothandizira flange ya nsanja.
– Maboluti a khola la nangula/nangula: chimango cha maboluti olumikizidwa omwe amalumikiza nsanja ndi konkriti; chinthu ichi ndi chofunikira kwambiri chifukwa chimanyamula mphamvu zomangika komanso zopanikiza zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha nthawi yogubuduzika.
– Chomangira chachikulu cha konkriti kapena slab: chigulu chachikulu cha konkriti kuti chipereke kulemera ndikupewa mphamvu zogubuduza.
- Kulimbitsa kwakukulu ndi kumeta: kulamulira ming'alu, kupewa kupsinjika, komanso kusunga kulimba.
– Chigawo cholimbitsa nthaka (ngati mukufuna): kukonza nthaka, geotextile, kapena zinthu zopangidwa ndi granular kuti muwonjezere mphamvu yonyamula.
Mwa kapangidwe kake, maziko a ma turbine a mphepo nthawi zambiri amadalira kuphatikiza kwa kulemera kwa thupi (mphamvu yokoka) ndi mphamvu yonyamula nthaka kuti isagwedezeke, kotero kukula kwawo kungakhale kwakukulu kwambiri.
-
Mitundu ya Maziko a Turbine ya Mphepo Yam'mphepete mwa Nyanja
1. Maziko Okhazikika a Gravity Spread Footing (Osaya)
Uwu ndi mtundu wofala kwambiri pa nthaka yokhala ndi mphamvu yabwino yonyamula. Mawonekedwe ake akhoza kukhala ozungulira kapena amakona anayi, okhala ndi miyeso kuyambira mamita ochepa mpaka makumi a mamita, kutengera mphamvu ya turbine ndi momwe nthaka ilili.
Zochulukira:
- Kapangidwe kake ndi kosavuta komanso kodziwika bwino.
- Mitengo yopikisana pamtengo wovuta mpaka wapakati.
- Kusamalira kochepa mukamaliza kuyika.
Kukonzekera:
- Imafuna konkriti wambiri.
– Sizoyenera nthaka yofewa kwambiri kapena malo omwe ali ndi chiopsezo chachikulu chokhazikika.
2. Maziko a Rock Anchor (Malo a Rocky)
Ngati malowo ali ndi miyala yosaya, maziko ake angagwiritse ntchito zomangira miyala kuti zipirire mphamvu yokoka yomwe imabwera chifukwa cha nthawi yogubuduzika. Konkire ikhoza kupangidwa kukhala yopyapyala chifukwa zomangirazo zimathandiza kuti zikhale zolimba.
Zochulukira:
- Amachepetsa konkire ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zofukulidwa.
- Imagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri pa miyala yabwino.
Kukonzekera:
- Zimadalira kwambiri mtundu wa miyala ndi kuyika kwa nangula.
- Imafuna kuwongolera kwapamwamba (kuyesa kukoka kwa nangula, kuyika grouting).
3. Maziko a Mulu
Mu dothi lofewa kapena zigawo zokhuthala zomwe zimapindika, maziko osaya amakhala oopsa. Yankho ndikugwiritsa ntchito milu yoboola, nthawi zambiri yophatikizidwa ndi zivundikiro za milu.
Zochulukira:
– Yoyenera nthaka yofewa, malo okhala ndi matope, kapena malo omwe sanyamula madzi ambiri.
- Amachepetsa kukhazikika komanso amawonjezera kuuma.
Kukonzekera:
- Mtengo wokwera komanso zinthu zovuta kwambiri.
- Imafuna zida zapadera komanso kulamulira kugwedezeka/phokoso (makamaka pa milu yoyendetsedwa).
4. Maziko Osakanikirana (Kukonza Nthaka + Yosaya)
Njira ina yomwe nthawi zambiri imasankhidwa ndiyo kukonza nthaka kaye, mwachitsanzo posintha nthaka, kuyika miyala, kusakaniza mozama, kapena kuyika grout, kenako kugwiritsa ntchito maziko osaya kwambiri.
Zochulukira:
- Zingakhale zotsika mtengo kuposa chitsulo chonse.
- Limbikitsani ntchito yomanga ngati njira yokonzera nthaka ndi yoyenera.
Kukonzekera:
- Imafuna kufufuza mwatsatanetsatane za geotechnical ndi kuwongolera bwino khalidwe.
-
Maziko a Mphepo Yam'mphepete mwa Nyanja: Mavuto ndi Kapangidwe Kofanana
Maziko a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ayenera kugwira ntchito pamalo amphamvu komanso osinthasintha. Kuwonjezera pa kuthandizira katundu wa turbine, maziko ayeneranso kuganizira izi:
- Kukukuta (kukokoloka kwa pansi pa nyanja) mozungulira maziko chifukwa cha mafunde/mafunde.
- Kuwonongeka kwa nyumba zachitsulo ndi malo olumikizirana.
- Kuyendetsa ndi kukhazikitsa pogwiritsa ntchito zombo zapadera komanso zoletsa nyengo (nyengo).
Nyumba za m'mphepete mwa nyanja nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi gawo losinthira pakati pa maziko ndi nsanja, chitetezo cha dzimbiri (chophimba/choteteza ku cathodic), ndi njira yotetezera kukanda (miyala ya zida, matiresi, kapena geotextile).
-
Mitundu ya Maziko a Mphepo ya Offshore
1. Monopile
Monopile ndi chitoliro chachikulu chachitsulo chomwe chimaponyedwa pansi pa nyanja. Uwu ndi mtundu wofala kwambiri pamadzi osaya kwambiri mpaka apakati, kutengera kukula kwake, kuya kwake, ndi momwe nthaka ilili.
Zochulukira:
- Kapangidwe kosavuta, chidziwitso chambiri chamakampani.
- Kukhazikitsa mwachangu (kuika/kuboola) ngati nyengo ilola.
Kukonzekera:
– Phokoso lalikulu panthawi yosonkhanitsa (limakhudza zamoyo zam'madzi).
- Kugwira ntchito mopanda mphamvu m'madzi akuya kapena m'nthaka yolimba/yamiyala kwambiri.
2. Jekete (Chimango cha Gridi)
Maziko a mtundu wa jekete amakhala ndi mafelemu achitsulo a miyendo itatu kapena inayi omangiriridwa pansi pa nyanja ndi milu. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mozama kwambiri kuposa ma monopile.
Zochulukira:
- Yokhazikika kwambiri pa kuya kwapakati-kwakuya.
- Katundu wogawidwa pa miyendo yambiri, woyenera pazifukwa zina.
Kukonzekera:
- Kupanga ndi kukhazikitsa n'kovuta kwambiri.
- Mtengo wokwera kuposa ma monopiles omwe ali pansi kwambiri.
3. Kapangidwe ka Maziko a Mphamvu Yokoka (GBS)
GBS ndi maziko olimba (nthawi zambiri konkire) omwe amaikidwa pansi pa nyanja. Kukhazikika kumachitika chifukwa cha kukhudzana kwa nyumbayo ndi kukangana kwake ndi pansi pa nyanja, nthawi zina kumawonjezeredwa ndi ballast.
Zochulukira:
- Ntchito yochepa yokonza zinthu (yosavuta phokoso).
- Malo oyenera kukhala pansi pa nyanja omwe angathe kukonzedwa bwino.
Kukonzekera:
- Imafunika kukonzekera bwino pansi pa nyanja.
- Kunyamula mayunitsi akuluakulu kumafuna zinthu zambiri.
4. Chidebe Chokolera/Chokolera Caisson
Mtundu uwu umagwiritsa ntchito chidebe chachitsulo chomwe chimayikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yosiyana (kupopera). Ndi chokongola chifukwa chimayikidwa mwachangu ndipo chingakhale chete kuposa kuyika mulu umodzi.
Zochulukira:
- Kukhazikitsa kwake ndi kwachangu komanso kotetezeka ku chilengedwe.
- Kufunika kokonza nyundo kungachepe.
Kukonzekera:
– Yosavuta kumera ku mtundu wa nthaka (imadalira kwambiri momwe nthaka ilili).
- Imafuna kuwongolera mwamphamvu kuyika ndi kuyang'anira kuthamanga kwa mpweya.
5. Maziko Oyandama (Chombo Choyandama)
Pamadzi akuya, maziko okhazikika amakhala osapindulitsa. Ma turbine amagwiritsa ntchito nsanja zoyandama monga ma spar-buoys, ma semi-submersibles, kapena ma tension leg platforms (TLPs), omwe amamangiriridwa ndi makina omangira.
Zochulukira:
- Kutsegula mwayi wokhala ndi malo amphepo yamphamvu m'nyanja yakuya.
- Kukhazikitsa kungachitike makamaka padoko kenako nkukokedwa kupita komwe kuli.
Kukonzekera:
- Kapangidwe ndi ntchito zovuta kwambiri (kapangidwe ka madzimadzi).
- Imafuna malo olumikizirana ndi mawaya amphamvu komanso zomangamanga za chingwe.
-
Zinthu Zofunika Posankha Mtundu wa Maziko
Kusankha maziko sikungatheke kufalikira, chifukwa kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kuphatikiza kwa zinthu zotsatirazi:
– Mphamvu ya turbine (MW), kutalika kwa nsanja, ndi m'mimba mwake wa rotor.
– Makhalidwe a nthaka: mphamvu yonyamula madzi, zigawo zofewa, miyala, mphamvu yothira madzi.
- Kuzama kwa madzi ndi momwe nyanja ilili (kwa nyanja ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja).
- Zoletsa pa ntchito yomanga: mwayi wopeza zida zolemera, zinthu zoyendetsera konkire, kupezeka kwa zombo zoyikira.
- Ndalama zogulira zinthu: osati ndalama zoyambira zokha, komanso zowunikira, kuteteza dzimbiri, ndi kukonza.
- Malamulo ndi zotsatira za chilengedwe: phokoso, kusokoneza malo okhala, ndi kasamalidwe ka zinthu zofukulidwa.
-
Kutseka
Maziko ndi "mizu" ya turbine ya mphepo, yomwe imatsimikizira kukhazikika, magwiridwe antchito, ndi moyo wa ntchito ya dongosolo lonse. Maziko a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, osaya kwambiri okhala ndi mphamvu yokoka amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, koma milu, zomangira miyala, kapena zosakanikirana zimasankhidwa pamene nthaka ikufuna yankho lapadera. M'mphepete mwa nyanja, ma monopiles akadali olamulira, koma majekete, maziko okoka, zidebe zoyamwa, komanso nsanja zoyandama zimapitilizabe kusintha kuti zikwaniritse zosowa zakuya komanso magwiridwe antchito. Ndi kafukufuku woyenera wa geotechnical, kuwerengera mosamala kapangidwe kake, ndi njira zoyenera zoyikira, maziko amatha kuwonetsetsa kuti ma turbine a mphepo akugwira ntchito mosamala komanso modalirika kwa zaka zambiri.
Ngati mukufuna, nditha kusintha nkhaniyi kuti ikhale yothandiza kwambiri (monga kuwonjezera magawo a kapangidwe, miyezo yowunikira monga IEC/DNV, ndi njira zoyezera kukula kwa zinthu) kapena yotchuka kwambiri kwa owerenga ambiri.
