Mitundu ya mapulasitiki omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zamagalimoto ndi njira zawo zopangira
Makampani amakono a magalimoto sagwiritsanso ntchito chitsulo ngati chinthu chachikulu pa zinthu zonse. Mapulasitiki (ma polima) akhala zinthu zofunika kwambiri chifukwa cha kupanga zinthu zambiri mopepuka, zosavuta kusinthasintha, zosagwira dzimbiri, komanso zotsika mtengo. Kugwiritsa ntchito mapulasitiki kumathandiza kuchepetsa kulemera kwa magalimoto, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mafuta azigwiritsa ntchito pang'ono kapena kuti magalimoto amagetsi azigwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana. Kuphatikiza apo, mapulasitiki amalola mapangidwe ovuta a zinthu, kuphatikiza ntchito zingapo kukhala gawo limodzi, komanso kulimbikitsa chitonthozo monga kugwedezeka ndi kuchepetsa phokoso.
Izi ndi mitundu ya pulasitiki yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zida zamagalimoto pamodzi ndi njira zopangira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale.
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1) Polypropylene (PP)
Makhalidwe akuluakulu: opepuka, osagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, osinthasintha, otsika mtengo, komanso osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito.
Kugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto: zophimba za bumper, zokongoletsera zamkati, mapanelo a zitseko, zipinda zosefera mpweya, zishango zapansi pa thupi, ndi ma clip/zomangira zosiyanasiyana. PP nthawi zambiri imasinthidwa kukhala PP yodzazidwa ndi talc kuti ikhale yolimba komanso yokhazikika, kapena imaphatikizidwa ndi elastomers kuti iwonjezere kukana kwa kukhudza.
Njira yopangira:
– Kupangira jakisoni: Ma pellets a PP amasungunuka kenako n’kuthiridwa mu nkhungu yothamanga kwambiri. Yoyenera zinthu zokhazikika komanso zolimba monga zokongoletsa, zotchingira, ndi zophimba.
– Kukonza kutentha: Mapepala a PP amatenthedwa mpaka ofewa kenako amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito chotsukira/chosindikizira. Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa mapanelo oteteza kapena zinthu zina zazikulu zamkati.
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2) Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
Makhalidwe akuluakulu: olimba, malo abwino, osavuta kupaka/kumaliza, komanso osagwirizana ndi kukhudza.
Kugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto: ma dashboard, zokongoletsa mkati, zophimba magalasi a zigawo zina, ma grille opumira mpweya, ndi zinthu zokongoletsera.
Njira yopangira:
– Kuumba jakisoni: ABS nthawi zambiri imakonzedwa ndi jakisoni chifukwa imatha kupanga malo osalala komanso tsatanetsatane wakuthwa wa kapangidwe.
– Kupaka/kupaka utoto pambuyo pa ndondomeko: zigawo zambiri za ABS zimapatsidwa njira zina monga kujambula kapena electroplating (monga mawonekedwe a chrome) kuti ziwoneke bwino kwambiri.
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3) Polycarbonate (PC) ndi PC/ABS zosakaniza
Makhalidwe Abwino: PC ili ndi kukana kwakukulu komanso kukhazikika bwino; PC/ABS imaphatikiza kulimba kwa PC komanso kusavuta kukonza ABS.
Kugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto: magalasi a kumutu, zinthu zamkati zomwe zimafuna mphamvu yowonjezera, ma bezel, ndi zina mwa zigawo za pillar kapena console.
Njira yopangira:
– Kuumba jakisoni: kwa magalasi ndi zigawo zolondola. Magalasi a PC nthawi zambiri amafunika kuwongolera kwambiri njira kuti apewe zolakwika za maso.
– Chophimba cholimba: Magalasi a PC nthawi zambiri amakutidwa ndi chophimba cholimba kuti awonjezere kukana kukanda ndi kukana kwa UV, chifukwa PC yeniyeni ndi yosavuta kukanda poyerekeza ndi galasi.
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4) Polyamide (PA / Nayiloni, mwachitsanzo PA6 ndi PA66)
Makhalidwe ofunikira: mphamvu, kukana kutentha, kukana kuvala, komanso yoyenera malo ogwirira ntchito. Komabe, nayiloni imayamwa chinyezi, kotero kusintha kwa mawonekedwe kuyenera kuganiziridwa pakupanga. Nayiloni nthawi zambiri imalimbikitsidwa ndi ulusi wagalasi kuti ipange PA-GF kuti iwonjezere kuuma ndi kukana kutentha.
Kugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto: intake manifold, chivundikiro cha injini, thanki yomaliza ya radiator, nyumba yosungiramo thermostat, magiya ang'onoang'ono, zolumikizira, ndi zida zina zomwe zili mu gawo la injini.
Njira yopangira:
– Kuumba jakisoni: njira yodziwika kwambiri, makamaka pa nayiloni yolimbikitsidwa ndi fiberglass. Njirayi imafuna kuumitsa zinthuzo pasadakhale chifukwa nayiloni ndi yosalala (imayamwa madzi), ndipo madzi amatha kuyambitsa zolakwika.
– Kuphimba pamwamba: nayiloni nthawi zina imaphatikizidwa ndi elastomer mu njira imodzi yopangira jakisoni kuti ipange malo omangira ogwirizana.
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5) Polyethylene (PE: HDPE/LDPE)
Makhalidwe akuluakulu: kukana mankhwala, kukana kugunda, kosavuta kupanga zinthu zopanda kanthu.
Kugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto: matanki amadzimadzi (malo osungiramo madzi), ma duct osavuta, zotetezera, komanso m'mafakitale enaake.
Njira yopangira:
– Kuumba mopanda mphamvu: Ma pellets a PE amasungunuka kukhala parison (chubu cha pulasitiki yotentha), kenako amapukutidwa mkati mwa nkhungu mpaka atamatirira ku makoma a nkhungu, ndikupanga gawo lopanda kanthu. Izi zimathandiza kwambiri m'malo osungiramo madzi ndi matanki.
– Kuzungulira mozungulira (kuzungulira mozungulira): Ufa wa PE umatenthedwa mu nkhungu yozungulira kuti upange zinthu zokhala ndi makoma okhuthala, zopanda kanthu; pang'onopang'ono, koma zoyenera mawonekedwe ena ndi ntchito zapakati popanga.
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6) Polyurethane (PU)
Makhalidwe akuluakulu: osinthasintha kwambiri popanga; akhoza kukhala thovu lofewa, thovu lolimba pang'ono, kapena elastomer yolimba. Ali ndi mphamvu zabwino zochepetsera kugwedezeka.
Kugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto: thovu la mipando, zopumira mutu, zopumira manja, thovu la chiwongolero, zosungunula za NVH (phokoso, kugwedezeka, kuuma), ndi zomatira ndi ma bearing ena.
Njira yopangira:
– Kutulutsa thovu (mankhwala): PU nthawi zambiri imapangidwa kudzera mu kuchitapo kanthu kwa zigawo ziwiri (polyol ndi isocyanate) kuti ipange thovu. Chosakanizacho chimathiridwa kapena kulowetsedwa mu nkhungu, komwe chimakula ndikulimba.
– RIM (Reaction Injection Molding): njira yopangira jakisoni yothandiza popanga ziwalo zokhala ndi mawonekedwe abwino komanso zowongolera bwino, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zolimba pang'ono.
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7) Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
Makhalidwe akuluakulu: akhoza kupangidwa kukhala osinthasintha, osasinthasintha nyengo, oyenera kuphimba ndi kuteteza.
Kugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto: zokutira za waya, zokutira pansi, zokutira zina zamkati, ndi zokongoletsera zosinthasintha.
Njira yopangira:
– Kutulutsa: PVC imasungunuka ndikukankhidwa kudzera mu die kuti ipange ma profiles ataliatali monga chingwe chotchingira kapena chokongoletsa.
– Kukonza/kukonza: kupanga mapepala/zikopa zomwe zimayikidwa pa substrate (monga mapanelo amkati).
Dziwani: kugwiritsa ntchito PVC nthawi zina kumakhala kocheperako chifukwa cha zinthu zachilengedwe komanso malamulo ena, kotero opanga ena amagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zina pazinthu zina.
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8) POM (Polyoxymethylene / Acetal)
Makhalidwe akuluakulu: kukangana kochepa, kukhazikika pamlingo, kulimba, koyenera ngati "pulasitiki yopangira" yoyendetsera makina oyendera.
Kugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto: magiya ang'onoang'ono, makina otsekera, zogwirira, zida zina za dongosolo la lamba wa mpando, ndi zida zomwe zimafuna kutsetsereka.
Njira yopangira:
– Kupangira jakisoni: kumapanga zinthu zolondola zokhala ndi malo osalala komanso zolimba. POM nthawi zambiri imasankhidwa kuti ilowe m'malo mwa chitsulo m'njira zosafunika kuwonongeka kwambiri.
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9) PET ndi PBT (Polyster yauinjiniya)
Makhalidwe akuluakulu: kukhazikika pamlingo, kukana kutentha bwino, mphamvu zamagetsi zabwino (zofunikira pa zolumikizira). PBT nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zamagetsi.
Kugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto: zolumikizira zamagetsi, malo osungira masensa, zigawo zomwe zili m'malo omwe amafunikira kutenthetsa ndi kukana kutentha.
Njira yopangira:
– Kuumba jakisoni: kofala kwambiri, nthawi zambiri kumapangidwa ndi fiberglass kuti ikhale yolimba kwambiri. Kuwongolera kutentha kwa njira ndikofunikira kuti makristalo akhale abwino komanso kuti makina azikhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira.
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Njira zazikulu zopangira mapulasitiki a magalimoto (zofupikitsidwa)
Kuwonjezera pa kufotokozera pa chinthu chilichonse, pali njira zingapo zopangira zomwe ndi maziko a kupanga zinthu zapulasitiki zamagalimoto:
1. Kuumba jakisoni: kofulumira komanso kofala kwambiri pamitundu yovuta; koyenera pamitundu yayikulu.
2. Kuumba ndi kupopera: bwino kwambiri pazinthu zopanda kanthu monga matanki ndi malo osungiramo zinthu.
3. Kutulutsa: kwa zinthu zazitali monga mapaipi, ma profiles okongoletsa, ndi zokutira za chingwe.
4. Kukonza kutentha: kupanga mapepala apulasitiki a mapanelo akuluakulu.
5. RIM ndi thovu: la zigawo za PU (thovu la mpando, zoziziritsa kukhosi).
6. Kuyika molding/kuyika molding: kuphatikiza pulasitiki ndi chitsulo (kuyikamo) kapena ndi elastomer kuti muyike/kugwirizira mu gawo limodzi.
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Kutseka
Mapulasitiki omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magalimoto si otchipa kwambiri m'malo mwa zitsulo, koma ndi zinthu zopangidwa mwaluso zomwe zimathandiza mapangidwe opepuka, opanda phokoso, osawononga dzimbiri, komanso osavuta kuwapanga. PP imalamulira mkati ndi ma bumpers, ABS ndi PC/ABS zimayenda bwino kwambiri pa kukongola ndi kulimba, nayiloni imalamulira mainjini, PE ndi yodalirika pa matanki opanda kanthu, PU ndiye maziko a chitonthozo cha mipando, pomwe POM, PBT, ndi PET zimasankhidwa kwambiri pazida zolondola zamakanika ndi zamagetsi.
Ngati mukufuna, nditha kusintha nkhaniyi kuti igwirizane ndi zosowa zanu (monga, kuwonjezera mndandanda wa mabuku, chithunzi cha momwe zinthu zilili, kapena zitsanzo za zigawo zinazake pa gawo lililonse la galimoto: mkati, kunja, mphamvu zamagetsi, ndi zamagetsi).
