Thermodynamics - mavuto ndi mayankho
Lamulo loyamba la thermodynamics
1. Kutengera ndi chithunzi cha PV chomwe chili pansipa, kodi chiŵerengero cha ntchito yochitidwa ndi mpweya mu ndondomeko yoyamba ndi chotani, ndi ntchito yochitidwa ndi mpweya mu ndondomeko yachiwiri?
Zodziwika:
Njira 1:
Kupanikizika (P) = 20 N/m 2
Kuchuluka koyambirira (V 1 ) = malita 10 = 10 dm 3 = 10 x 10 -3 m 3
Voliyumu yomaliza (V 2 ) = malita 40 = 40 dm 3 = 40 x 10 -3 m 3
Njira 2:
Njira (P) = 15 N/m 2
Kuchuluka koyambirira (V 1 ) = malita 20 = 20 dm 3 = 20 x 10 -3 m 3
Voliyumu yomaliza (V 2 ) = malita 60 = 60 dm 3 = 60 x 10 -3 m 3
Kufunidwa: Chiŵerengero cha ntchito yochitidwa ndi gasi
Yankho:
Ntchito yochitidwa ndi gasi mu ndondomeko yoyamba:
W = P ΔV = P (V 2 –V 1 ) = (20)(40-10)(10 -3 m 3 ) = (20)(30)(10 -3 m 3 ) = (600)(10 -3 m 3 ) = 0.6 m 3
Ntchito yochitidwa ndi mpweya mu ndondomekoyi II:
W = P ΔV = P (V 2 –V 1 ) = (15)(60-20)(10 -3 m 3 ) = (15)(40)(10 -3 m 3 ) = (600)(10 -3 m 3 ) = 0.6 m 3
Chiŵerengero cha ntchito yochitidwa ndi mpweya mu ndondomeko yoyamba ndi ndondomeko yachiwiri:
0.6 m 3 : 0.6 m 3
1: 1
2.
Kutengera ndi graph yomwe ili pansipa, kodi ntchito yomwe yachitika ndi mpweya wa helium mu ndondomeko ya AB ndi yotani?
Zodziwika:
Kupanikizika (P) = 2 x 10 5 N/m 2 = 2 x 10 5 Ma Pascal
Kuchuluka koyambirira (V 1 ) = 5 cm 3 = 5 x 10 -6 m 3
Voliyumu yomaliza (V 2 ) = 15 cm 3 = 15 x 10 -6 m 3
Akufuna: Ntchito yochitidwa ndi gasi mu ndondomeko ya AB
Yankho:
W = ∆P ∆V
W = P (V 2 – V 1 )
W = (2 x 10 5 )(15 x 10 -6 – 5 x 10 -6 )
W = (2 x 10 5 )(10 x 10 -6 ) = (2 x 10 5 )(1 x 10 -5 )
W = 2 Joule
3.
Kutengera ndi graph yomwe ili pansipa, kodi ntchito yomwe yachitika mu process AB ndi yotani?
Zodziwika:
Kupanikizika koyambirira (P 1 ) = 4 Pa = 4 N/m 2
Kupanikizika komaliza (P 2 ) = 6 Pa = 6 N/m 2
Kuchuluka koyambirira (V 1 ) = 2 m 3
Voliyumu yomaliza (V 2 ) = 4 m 3
Ankafuna: ntchito yatha ndikugwira ntchito ab
Yankho:
Ntchito yochitidwa ndi gasi = malo omwe ali pansi pa curve ab
W = dera la katatu + dera la rectangle
W = ½ (6-4) (4-2) + 4 (4-2)
W = ½ (2)(2) + 4(2)
W = 2 + 8
W = 10 Joule
4. Kutengera ndi chithunzi chomwe chili pansipa, kodi ntchito yomwe yachitika mu ndondomekoyi ndi iti ABCA?
Yankho:
Ntchito (W) = Malo a katatu ABC
W = ½ (20-10)(6 x 10 5 – 2 x 10 5 )
W = ½ (10)(4 x 10 5 )
W = (5)(4 x 10 5 )
W = 20 x 10 5
W = 2 x 10 6 Joule
5. Injini imayamwa kutentha kwa ma Joules 2000 pa kutentha kwakukulu ndipo imatulutsa kutentha kwa ma Joules 1200 pa kutentha kochepa. Kodi mphamvu ya injini ndi yotani?
Zodziwika:
Kulowetsa kutentha (Q H ) = 2000 Joules
Kutentha kotuluka (Q L ) = 1200 Joules
Ntchito yochitidwa ndi injini (W) = 2000 – 1200 = 800 Joules
Kufunidwa: kugwira ntchito bwino (e)
Yankho:
e = W / Q H
e = 800/2000
e = 0.4 x 100%
e = 40%
6. Injini imayamwa kutentha pa 960 Kelvin ndipo injini imayamwa kutentha pa 576 Kelvin. Kodi mphamvu ya injini ndi yotani?
Zodziwika:
Kutentha kwambiri (TH ) = 960 K
Kutentha kotsika (T L ) = 576 K
Kufunidwa: kuchita bwino (e)
Yankho:
Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa injini ya Carnot = 0.4 x 100% = 40%
7. Kutengera ndi graph yomwe ili pansipa, ntchito yomwe injini yachita ndi ma Joules 6000. Kodi kutentha komwe injini imatulutsa mu bwalo lililonse ndi kotani?
Zodziwika:
Ntchito (W) = 6000 Joule
Kutentha kwambiri (TH ) = 800 Kelvin
Kutentha kotsika (T L ) = 300 Kelvin
Kufunidwa: kutentha komwe kumachokera ku injini
Yankho :
Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwa Carnot (kwabwino kwambiri):
Kutentha komwe kumatengedwa ndi injini ya Carnot:
W = e Q 1
6000 = (0.625) Q 1
Q 1 = 6000 / 0.625
Q 1 = 9600
Kutentha komwe kumatulutsidwa ndi injini ya Carnot:
Funso 2 = Funso 1 – Kumwamba
Q 2 = 9600 – 6000
Q 2 = 3600 Joule
8. Mphamvu ya injini ya Carnot ndi 40%. Ngati kutentha kwalowa pa 727°C ndiye kutentha kochepa ndi kotani?
Zodziwika:
Kuchita bwino (e) = 40% = 40/100 = 0.4
Kutentha kwambiri (TH ) = 727 o C + 273 = 1000 K
Kufunidwa: Kutentha kochepa
Yankho:
T L = 600 Kelvin – 273 = 327 o C
9. Kutengera ndi graph yomwe ili pansipa, ngati injini imatenga kutentha kwa 800 J, kodi ntchito yomwe injiniyo imagwira ndi yotani?
Zodziwika:
Kutentha kwambiri (TH ) = 600 Kelvin
Kutentha kotsika (T L ) = 250 Kelvin
Kulowetsa kutentha (Q 1 ) = 800 Joules
Akufuna: Ntchito (W)
Yankho:
Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa injini ya Carnot:
Injini yachita ntchito motere:
W = e Q 1
W = (7/12)(800 Joules)
W = 466.7 Joule
10. Kutentha kwakukulu kwa injini ya Carnot ndi 600 K. Ngati injini imatenga kutentha kwa 600 J ndipo kutentha kochepa ndi 400 K, kodi injiniyo imagwira ntchito yotani?
Zodziwika:
Kutentha kotsika (T L ) = 400 K
Kutentha kwambiri (TH ) = 600 K
Kulowetsa kutentha (Q 1 ) = 600 Joules
Ankafuna: Ntchito inachitidwa ndi injini ya Carnot (W)
Yankho:
Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa injini ya Carnot:
Ntchitoyi idachitika ndi injini ya Carnot:
W = e Q 1
W = (1/3)(600) = 200 Joule
- Kodi cholinga chachikulu cha thermodynamics ndi chiyani? yankho: Thermodynamics imayang'ana kwambiri pa kuphunzira mphamvu, kusintha kwake, ndi ubale wake ndi zinthu, makamaka m'machitidwe omwe ali pamlingo woyenera.
- Kodi lamulo la zeroth la thermodynamics limakhudzana bwanji ndi kutentha? yankho: Lamulo la zeroth limati ngati machitidwe awiri aliwonse ali mu mgwirizano wa kutentha ndi dongosolo lachitatu, ndiye kuti ali mu mgwirizano wa kutentha wina ndi mnzake. Izi zikutanthauza kukhalapo kwa chinthu chotchedwa kutentha, chomwe chili chimodzimodzi pa machitidwe onse mu mgwirizano wa kutentha.
- Kodi lamulo loyamba la thermodynamics limafotokoza chiyani? yankho: Lamulo loyamba, lomwe limadziwikanso kuti lamulo losunga mphamvu, limanena kuti mphamvu sizingapangidwe kapena kuwonongedwa, koma zimangosinthidwa kuchokera ku mawonekedwe ena kupita ku ena. Mu dongosolo lotsekedwa, kusintha kwa mphamvu yamkati kumakhala kofanana ndi kutentha komwe kumawonjezeredwa ku dongosolo kupatula ntchito yomwe dongosololi limachita pamalo ozungulira.
- N’chifukwa chiyani lamulo lachiwiri la thermodynamics ndi lofunika kwambiri pomvetsetsa njira ya zinthu zachilengedwe? yankho: Lamulo lachiwiri limanena kuti entropy (kapena vuto) la dongosolo lodzipatula nthawi zonse limawonjezeka kapena limakhalabe lokhazikika. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mphamvu zimafalikira mwachibadwa ngati sizikulepheretsedwa kutero, kupereka njira yopita ku njira zachilengedwe ndikufotokozera chifukwa chake njira zina zimachitika mwachibadwa pomwe zina sizimachitika.
- Kodi entropy ndi chiyani, ndipo imakhudzana bwanji ndi chisokonezo mu dongosolo? yankho: Entropy ndi muyeso wa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu mu dongosolo lomwe silikupezeka kuti ligwire ntchito. Nthawi zambiri limafotokozedwanso ngati muyeso wa kusokonezeka kapena kusakhazikika kwa dongosolo. Kawirikawiri, entropy yapamwamba imafanana ndi kusokonezeka kwakukulu kapena kusakhazikika.
- Kodi lamulo lachitatu la thermodynamics limafotokoza bwanji entropy ya kristalo wangwiro pa zero yeniyeni? yankho: Lamulo lachitatu limati entropy ya kristalo wangwiro ndi zero yeniyeni pa kutentha konse kwa zero (0 Kelvin). Izi zikutanthauza kuti pa kutentha kumeneku, dongosololi limakonzedwa bwino.
- N’chifukwa chiyani kutentha sikungachokere ku thupi lozizira kupita ku thupi lotentha lokha? yankho: Khalidweli ndi zotsatira za lamulo lachiwiri la thermodynamics. Ngati kutentha kukanatuluka m'thupi lozizira kupita ku thupi lotentha kwambiri mwangozi, zikanapangitsa kuti entropy yonse ya dongosololi ichepe, zomwe sizikukondedwa ndi njira zachilengedwe.
- Kodi kusiyana pakati pa dongosolo lodzipatula, lotsekedwa, ndi lotseguka mu thermodynamics ndi kotani? yankho: Dongosolo lodzipatula silisinthana mphamvu kapena zinthu ndi malo ozungulira. Dongosolo lotsekedwa limatha kusinthana mphamvu koma silikhudza malo ozungulira. Dongosolo lotseguka limatha kusinthana mphamvu ndi zinthu ndi malo ozungulira.
- Kodi lingaliro la "ntchito" mu thermodynamics limasiyana bwanji ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka tsiku ndi tsiku ka mawuwa? yankho: Mu thermodynamics, "ntchito" imatanthauza njira yosamutsira mphamvu komwe mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chinthu zimachisuntha motsatira mphamvuyo. Mwachitsanzo, mpweya ukafalikira motsutsana ndi pisitoni, umagwira ntchito pa pisitoni. Iyi ndi tanthauzo lenileni poyerekeza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku kwa "ntchito," komwe kungatanthauze ntchito kapena ntchito iliyonse.
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Kodi Carnot cycle ndi chiyani, ndipo n’chifukwa chiyani ili yofunika kwambiri mu thermodynamics? Yankho : Carnot cycle ndi thermodynamic cycle yomwe imapereka malire apamwamba pa magwiridwe antchito omwe injini iliyonse yakale ya thermodynamic ingapeze panthawi yosintha kutentha kukhala ntchito (kapena mosemphanitsa). Ndi yofunika chifukwa imayika malire oyambira a magwiridwe antchito kutengera kutentha kwa malo osungira kutentha omwe injini imagwirira ntchito.
