Physics

Nkhani yokhudza Kusintha kwa sikelo ya kutentha

Sikelo ya Celsius ndi sikelo ya Fahrenheit ndi masikelo osiyana a kutentha. Ngati kutentha kwa chinthu kumayesedwa ndikufotokozedwa pa sikelo ya Celsius, ndiye kuti tikufuna kunena kutentha kwa chinthucho pa sikelo ya Fahrenheit kenako timasintha kuchokera pa sikelo ya Celsius kupita ku sikelo ya Fahrenheit. Mu gawo lino, timaphunzira kusintha kapena kusintha sikelo ya kutentha.

Pa kupanikizika kwa 1 atm, kutentha kwa malo ozizira a thermometer ya Celsius = 0 ^oC, pomwe thermometer ya Fahrenheit = 32 ^oF. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, pa kupanikizika kwa 1 atm, kutentha kwa malo otentha pa thermometer ya Celsius sikelo = 100 ^oC, pomwe thermometer yokhala ndi sikelo ya Fahrenheit = 212 ^oF.

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Nkhani yokhudza ma thermometers ndi masikelo a kutentha

1. Zoyezera kutentha

Chida chopangidwira kuyeza kutentha ndi thermometer. Pali mitundu yambiri ya ma thermometer, koma mfundo yogwirira ntchito ndi yofanana. Nthawi zambiri, timagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zoyezera kutentha, mtundu wa chinthu chomwe chimasintha ndi kutentha. Ngati kutentha kwa chinthucho kumasintha, mawonekedwe, ndi kukula kwa chinthucho zimasinthanso. Ma thermometer ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zimatha kufutukuka kapena kuchepa kutentha kukasintha. Ma thermometer omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi machubu agalasi, komwe kuli mowa kapena mercury pakati pa chubu. Kutentha kukakwera, mowa kapena mercury yomwe ili mu chidebe imakula kotero kuti kutalika kwa kolamu ya mowa kapena mercury kumawonjezeka. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kutentha kukachepa, kutalika kwa kolamu ya mowa kapena mercury kumachepa. Kunja kwa chubu chagalasi, pali manambala omwe ndi sikelo ya thermometer. Nambala yomwe ikuwonetsedwa kumapeto kwa kolamu ya mowa kapena mercury imasonyeza mtengo wa kutentha kwa chinthu chomwe chikuyesedwa.

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Nkhani yokhudza Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

Mpaka pano, taona kokha momwe kutentha kumayenderana ndi zinthu ziwiri zomwe zakhudzana.

Kuti timvetse bwino lingaliro la kusinthasintha kwa kutentha, tiyeni tiwunikenso zinthu zitatu (tinene kuti zinthu A, chinthu B, ndi zinthu C). Mwachitsanzo, chinthu B ndi chinthu C sizimakhudzana, koma chinthu A chimakhudzana ndi chinthu B ndipo chinthu A chimakhudzana ndi chinthu C. Yang'anani chithunzi chili pansipa. Chifukwa chokhudzana ndi chilichonse kupatula chinthu A ndi chinthu B chili mu kusinthasintha kwa kutentha, momwemonso chinthu A ndi chinthu C zili mu kusinthasintha kwa kutentha. Kodi zinthu B ndi C zomwe sizimakhudzana nazo zili mu kusinthasintha kwa kutentha? Ngati tigwiritsa ntchito logic yokha, tinganene kuti chinthu B ndi chinthu C zilinso mu kusinthasintha kwa kutentha, ngakhale sizimakhudzana. Chinthu A ndi chinthu B zili mu kusinthasintha kwa kutentha, kutanthauza kutentha kwa chinthu A = kutentha kwa chinthu B.

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Nkhani yokhudza Tanthauzo la kutentha ndi kusinthasintha kwa kutentha

Tanthauzo la kutentha

Kodi munayamba mwakhudzapo ayezi? Mumamva bwanji manja anu akakhudza ayezi? Nanga bwanji ngati chomwe mwakhudza ndi moto? Mukakhudza ayezi, manja anu amamva kuzizira, mukakhudza moto, manja anu amamva kutenthedwa. Kutentha, kutentha, kuzizira, kuzizira kumatanthauza chiyani?

Lingaliro la kutentha limayambira pa kutentha ndi kuzizira komwe kumaonekera chifukwa cha mphamvu zathu zogwira. Kutengera ndi zomwe zimamveka chifukwa cha mphamvu zogwira, timati chinthu chimakhala chotentha kwambiri kuposa chinthu china kapena chinthu chimakhala chozizira kwambiri kuposa china. Zinthu zotentha zimakhala ndi kutentha kwakukulu, pomwe zinthu zozizira zimakhala ndi kutentha kochepa. Chinthu chozizira kwambiri, kutentha kumachepa. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kutentha kwambiri kumakhala kokwera kwambiri. Muyeso wa kutentha kapena kuzizira kwa chinthu umatchedwa kutentha. Pankhani ya chiphunzitso cha gasi kinetic, mudzamvetsetsa bwino tanthauzo la kutentha; zomwe zimachitika ku mamolekyu ochokera ku chinthu kuti chimve kutentha, kutentha, kuzizira kapena kuzizira.

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Nkhani yokhudza magawo a zinthu (kutengera mawonekedwe a microscopic)

Mu moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, nthawi zambiri timakumana ndi magawo atatu osiyana a zinthu. Pali zinthu zolimba (monga miyala, chitsulo, ndi zina zotero), zamadzimadzi (madzi, mafuta, ndi zina zotero) ndi zinthu za gasi (mpweya, ndi zina zotero). Magawo atatu a zinthuzi amatha kusiyanitsa kutengera kuthekera kwawo kusunga mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwake.

Zinthu zolimba nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ndi voliyumu yokhazikika. Madziwo sasunga mawonekedwe omangiriridwa, koma amasinthasintha momwe amayendera ku chidebe chomwe chilimo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati tiyika madzi mu galasi, mawonekedwewo amasintha ngati galasi. Ngati madzi ayikidwa mu bafa, mawonekedwewo amasintha ngati bafa. Kuchuluka kwa madzi nthawi zambiri kumakhala kokhazikika. Galasi la madzi ngati liyikidwa mu bafa, kuchuluka kwa madzi kumakhalabe mu galasi. Mawonekedwe a madzi amatha kusintha, koma kukula sikumasintha. Kumbukirani kuti kuchuluka kwa zinthu zolimba ndi zamadzimadzi kumatha kusintha ngati kupatsidwa mphamvu yokwanira.

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Nkhani yokhudza chiphunzitso cha Atomiki ndi chiphunzitso cha kinetic

Chiphunzitso cha atomiki

Kwa zaka zikwi zambiri, Agiriki akale ankakhulupirira kuti chinthu chilichonse choyera (monga golide, chitsulo, ndi zina zotero) chinali ndi maatomu. Malinga ndi iwo, ngati chinthu choyera chadulidwa mzidutswa zazing'ono, ndiye kuti zidutswa zazing'ono zimadulidwanso, kenako n'kudulidwanso ... ndi zina zotero, ndiye kuti padzakhala zidutswa zazing'ono kwambiri zomwe sizingadulidwenso. Zidutswa zazing'ono kwambiri zomwe sizingadulidwenso zimatchedwa maatomu. Atomu amatanthauza "sangagawidwe" (Chigiriki)

Panthawiyo, atomu imaonedwa kuti siigawanikanso. Koma pambuyo pake asayansi ena adapeza ma elekitironi ndi ma atomu (ma protoni ndi ma neutron) kotero kuti lingaliro lakuti ma atomu sangagawanike linali lolakwika. Chifukwa chake, ma atomu amapangidwa ndi ma elekitironi (okhala ndi mphamvu yoipa) ndi ma atomu. Ma elekitironi amazungulira nucleus. Mkati mwa nucleus, muli ma protoni (okhala ndi mphamvu yoipa) ndi ma neutron (osakhala ndi mphamvu yoipa kapena osapatsidwa mphamvu).

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Nkhani yokhudza Kusintha kwa gawo Kutentha kofunikira Mapointi atatu

Pokambirana za lamulo labwino la mpweya, zafotokozedwa kuti lamulo labwino la mpweya limafotokoza momwe mpweya weniweni umagwirira ntchito molondola pokhapokha ngati mphamvu ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya weniweni sikokwanira. Ngati mphamvu ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya weniweni kuli kokwanira, lamulo labwino la mpweya limapereka zotsatira zolakwika, momwemonso, kutentha kwa mpweya weniweni kukuyandikira kutentha. Izi zikugwirizana ndi kuyanjana komwe kumachitika pakati pa mamolekyulu enieni a mpweya. Kupanikizika kwa mpweya kumakhala kofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya. Kupanikizika kwa mpweya kumakhala kwakukulu mokwanira, kuchuluka kwa mpweya kumakhala kochepa. Chifukwa mphamvu ya mpweya ndi yochepa, mtunda pakati pa mamolekyulu a mpweya umakhala pafupi. Mtunda pakati pa mamolekyu umakhala pafupi, mamolekyu amakokana. Zili ngati mukayika chidutswa cha chitsulo pa maginito. Ngati mtunda pakati pa maginito ndi chitsulo ndi wokwanira, maginito sangakoke chitsulo. Koma ngati mtunda pakati pa maginito ndi chitsulo uli pafupi, chitsulo chimakokedwa pafupi.

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Van der Walls ndi dzina la katswiri wa sayansi ya zaku Dutch, JD van der Waals (1837-1923). Van der Waals Equation of State ndi equation ya mkhalidwe wa mpweya, wofanana ndi The equation of state of an ideal gas. Kusiyana kwake ndi kwakuti, The equation of state of an ideal gas can not give true results as pressure and density of real gas are given enough enough. Pomwe The Van der Waals Equation of State ingathe kupereka zotsatira zolondola kwambiri.

Kukhalapo kwa equation iyi kumachokera kwa Van der Waals, yemwe anazindikira zofooka za equation ya mkhalidwe wabwino. Waals, sinthani equation ya mkhalidwe wa mpweya wabwino, powonjezera zinthu zingapo zomwe zimakhudzanso mkhalidwe weniweni wa mpweya, pamene kuthamanga ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya weniweni kuli kwakukulu.

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Njira yotulutsira mpweya ingathe kufotokozedwa pogwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso cha kinetic. Monga mamolekyu a mpweya, mamolekyu a madzi nawonso amayenda. Kusiyana kwake ndi kwakuti mamolekyu a madzi sangabalalike chifukwa kukopana pakati pa mamolekyu kumatha kuwagwirizanitsa. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kukopana pakati pa mamolekyu a mpweya kumakhala kofooka, kotero kuti mamolekyu a mpweya sangagwirizane. Poyenda, mamolekyu a madzi amakhala ndi liwiro. Pali mamolekyu a madzi omwe ali ndi liwiro lalikulu; palinso mamolekyu a madzi omwe ali ndi liwiro laling'ono. Kugawana kwa liwiro la molekyu ya madzi kumafanana ndi kugawa kwa Maxwell.

Kutuluka kwa nthunzi kumachitika pamene liwiro la mamolekyu a madzi ndi lalikulu mokwanira kotero kuti kukopana pakati pa mamolekyu a madzi sikungathe kuwagwirizanitsa. Mofanana ndi maroketi omwe amasunthira mumlengalenga, liwiro la roketi ndi lalikulu mokwanira kotero kuti mphamvu yokoka ya dziko lapansi silingathe kuligwira kuti likhalebe padziko lapansi. Dziwani kuti mamolekyu okha omwe ali ndi liwiro lalikulu ndi omwe amatha kuthawa kukopana pakati pa mamolekyu. Mamolekyu omwe ali ndi liwiro laling'ono amakhala pamodzi ngati madzi.

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Kuwiritsa ndi njira yosinthira madzi kukhala mpweya. Kuwiritsa kumachitika pamene mphamvu ya nthunzi yokhuta ili yofanana ndi mphamvu ya mpweya (mpweya = mphamvu ya mlengalenga). Tikungokambirana za madzi otentha. Mphamvu ya nthunzi yokhuta ya madzi imafanana ndi kutentha kwa madzi, kutentha kwa madzi kukakhala kwakukulu, mphamvu ya nthunzi yokhuta imakwera. Tikamatenthetsa madzi, thovu laling'ono nthawi zambiri limawonekera pansi pa chidebecho. Kukhalapo kwa thovu kumasonyeza kusintha kwa madzi kukhala mpweya. Ngati mphamvu ya nthunzi yokhuta mu thovu ndi yocheperapo kuposa mphamvu ya mpweya wakunja, thovulo lidzachepa ndikusweka lisanafike pamwamba. Thovulo limawonongeka chifukwa mphamvu ya mpweya wakunja ndi yayikulu kuposa mphamvu ya nthunzi mkati mwa thovulo. Kuthamanga kwa mpweya wakunja ndi kwakukulu kuposa mphamvu ya nthunzi mu thovulo kotero kuti mpweya wakunja umakhala ndi mphamvu yofunikira kwambiri (P = F / A).

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