Njira yotulutsira mpweya ingathe kufotokozedwa pogwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso cha kinetic. Monga mamolekyu a mpweya, mamolekyu a madzi nawonso amayenda. Kusiyana kwake ndi kwakuti mamolekyu a madzi sangabalalike chifukwa kukopana pakati pa mamolekyu kumatha kuwagwirizanitsa. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kukopana pakati pa mamolekyu a mpweya kumakhala kofooka, kotero kuti mamolekyu a mpweya sangagwirizane. Poyenda, mamolekyu a madzi amakhala ndi liwiro. Pali mamolekyu a madzi omwe ali ndi liwiro lalikulu; palinso mamolekyu a madzi omwe ali ndi liwiro laling'ono. Kugawana kwa liwiro la molekyu ya madzi kumafanana ndi kugawa kwa Maxwell.
Kutuluka kwa nthunzi kumachitika pamene liwiro la mamolekyu a madzi ndi lalikulu mokwanira kotero kuti kukopana pakati pa mamolekyu a madzi sikungathe kuwagwirizanitsa. Mofanana ndi maroketi omwe amasunthira mumlengalenga, liwiro la roketi ndi lalikulu mokwanira kotero kuti mphamvu yokoka ya dziko lapansi silingathe kuligwira kuti likhalebe padziko lapansi. Dziwani kuti mamolekyu okha omwe ali ndi liwiro lalikulu ndi omwe amatha kuthawa kukopana pakati pa mamolekyu. Mamolekyu omwe ali ndi liwiro laling'ono amakhala pamodzi ngati madzi.
Mamolekyu amadzi ali ndi kulemera ndi liwiro kotero kuti mamolekyu amadzi ali ndi mphamvu ya kinetic (EK = 1/2 m v2). Mamolekyu amadzi othamanga kwambiri ali ndi mphamvu ya kinetic yapamwamba kuposa mamolekyu amadzi othamanga pang'ono. Chifukwa chake, zitha kunena kuti mamolekyu amadzi omwe amatha kuthawa kukopana pakati pa mamolekyu (mamolekyu amadzi omwe amasanduka nthunzi) amakhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu ya kinetic. Nthawi zambiri, mphamvu ya kinetic ya mamolekyu amadzi imawonjezeka ndi kutentha kwa madzi kokwera. Ngati kutentha kwa madzi kuli kokwanira, mphamvu ya kinetic ya mamolekyu amadzi imawonjezeka; motero, madzi ambiri amasanduka nthunzi. Mogwirizana ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku zomwe zikusonyeza kuti kuchuluka kwa nthunzi nthawi zambiri kumakhala kokwera kutentha kwambiri.
Tikamaumitsa zovala zonyowa padzuwa, zovala zonyowa zimayamwa kutentha komwe kumachokera ku dzuwa. Kuwonjezera mphamvu kuchokera ku dzuwa kumapangitsa kuti mphamvu ya kinetic ya mamolekyu amadzi mu zovala ichuluke. Chifukwa mphamvu ya kinetic imawonjezeka, mamolekyu amadzi amayenda mofulumira (liwiro la mamolekyu amadzi limawonjezeka). Mphamvu ya liwiro kapena kinetic ikafika pamtengo winawake, mamolekyu amadzi amatha kuthawa kukopana pakati pa mamolekyu amadzi, kenako n’kusintha kukhala nthunzi. Dziwani kuti kuuma kwa zovala zonyowa sikungokhudzidwa ndi kuwonjezera kutentha kuchokera ku dzuwa. Zovala zonyowa zimathanso kuuma chifukwa cha kutentha kowonjezera kuchokera ku mpweya wofunda wozungulira zovala (kutentha kumayenda kuchokera mumlengalenga kupita ku zovala zonyowa).
Pa nthawi yotentha, nthaka imatentha kwambiri. Dziko lapansi limatentha mpweya pamwamba pake (pankhaniyi, kutentha kumasamutsidwa ndi conduction). Mpweya wotentha umakula (kuchuluka kumachepa) ndikukwera mmwamba. Podutsa zovala zonyowa, mamolekyu amadzi amaponda mamolekyu amadzi mkati mwa zovala. Mamolekyu amadzi amayenda mofulumira, mphamvu ya kinetic ya mamolekyu amadzi imawonjezeka. Mamolekyu amadzi omwe amasuntha mwachangu amagunda mamolekyu ena amadzi. Chifukwa chakuti amaponderezedwa mosalekeza ndi mamolekyu a mpweya, mamolekyu amadzi amasuntha mofulumira (mphamvu ya kinetic imawonjezeka). Mphamvu ya vivacity kapena kinetic ikafika pamtengo winawake, mamolekyu amadzi othamanga amatha kuthawa kukopana pakati pa mamolekyu ndikusintha kukhala nthunzi. Mphamvu ya kinetic ya mamolekyu amadzi kapena mamolekyu amadzi imakhudzana kwambiri ndi kutentha. Ngati mphamvu ya kinetic ya mamolekyu amadzi ndi yayikulu, nthawi yomweyo kutentha kwa madzi kumakhala kwakukulu. Kapena mosemphanitsa, pamene kutentha kwa madzi kuli kwakukulu, mphamvu ya kinetic ya mamolekyu amadzi iyenera kukhala yayikulu. Mphamvu ya kinetic imakhudzananso ndi liwiro. Mphamvu ya kinetic ya molekyulu ikakwera, liwiro la molekyulu limakwera. Kapena mosemphanitsa, liwiro la molekyulu likakwera, mphamvu ya kinetic ya molekyulu imakwera.
Nanga bwanji madzi otentha? Madzi otentha ali ndi kutentha kwakukulu. Chifukwa cha kutentha kwakukulu kwa madzi, mamolekyu m'madzi ali ndi mphamvu yapakati ya kinetic. Chifukwa cha mphamvu yayikulu yapakati ya kinetic ya mamolekyu amadzi, mamolekyu ambiri amadzi ali ndi kuthamanga kwakukulu. Mamolekyu amadzi ali ndi liwiro lalikulu ndipo amatha kuthawa mphamvu ya kukokana pakati pa mamolekyu ndikusintha kukhala nthunzi. Mamolekyu amadzi otsika liwiro (mamolekyu amadzi okhala ndi mphamvu yochepa ya kinetic) sasintha kukhala nthunzi. Chifukwa chake, mamolekyu amadzi omwe liwiro lawo lalikulu limasanduka nthunzi, mphamvu yapakati ya kinetic ya mamolekyu amadzi imakhala yocheperako. Mphamvu yapakati ya kinetic ikachepa, kutentha kwa madzi kumachepa. Kutengera kufotokozera kwachidule kumeneku, tinganene kuti kuzizira ndi njira yozizira.
Njira yozizira chifukwa cha nthunzi nthawi zonse imachitika m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Mpweya ukakhala wotentha mokwanira, kutentha kwambiri kumatengedwa ndi thupi. Kuti kutentha kwa thupi kukhale kosasinthasintha, thupi nthawi zambiri limatulutsa kutentha kudzera mu thukuta. Chifukwa thukuta limalandira kutentha kowonjezera kuchokera ku dzuwa ndi mpweya wozungulira, mphamvu ya kinetic ya mamolekyu a madzi a thukuta imawonjezeka. Chifukwa pamene mphamvu ya kinetic ya mamolekyu a madzi a thukuta imawonjezeka, liwiro la mamolekyu a madzi a thukuta limawonjezeka. Mamolekyu a thukuta amasanduka nthunzi. Thukuta likasanduka nthunzi, thupi limamva kuzizira.
Kawirikawiri, tikasamba, thupi lathu limamva kuzizira. Izi zimachitika chifukwa madzi omwe ali pamwamba pa khungu amatuluka madzi.
Njira yosinthira madzi kukhala nthunzi yomwe yafotokozedwa kale imachitika tsiku lililonse. Madzi a m'nyanja, madzi a m'nyanja, ndi madzi a m'mitsinje amathanso kusungunuka.
Kupanikizana kwa phokoso
Chimene chimatanthauza nthunzi apa ndi nthunzi ya madzi. Yang'anani chithunzicho. Chidebe chotsekedwa chodzazidwa ndi madzi (tiyerekeze kuti mpweya womwe uli mkati mwa chidebecho wachotsedwa). Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha kinetic, mamolekyu a madzi nthawi zonse amayenda. Akamayenda, mamolekyu a madzi amakhala ndi liwiro ndi mphamvu zoyenda. Mamolekyu a madzi omwe ali ndi liwiro komanso mphamvu yayikulu ya kinetic amathawa mphamvu yokoka pakati pa mamolekyu a madzi ndikusintha kukhala nthunzi.
Njira yomweyi imachitikanso m'mamolekyu amadzi omwe ali mu chidebe. Pamene nthawi ikupita, mamolekyu ambiri amadzi amasanduka nthunzi. Chifukwa chidebecho chimatsekedwa, mamolekyu amadzi omwe asandulika nthunzi sangathe kuthawa kupita mumlengalenga (mamolekyuwo amakhala mu chidebecho). Kuchuluka kwa mamolekyu amadzi omwe amasanduka nthunzi ndi kwakukulu, kotero pali kuthekera kwa kugundana pakati pa mamolekyu ndi makoma a chidebecho.
Mamolekyu ena omwe amagunda makoma a chidebecho amaonekera pamwamba pa madzi ndikusakanikirana ndi madzi. Izi zimabwerezabwereza mosalekeza. Pakapita nthawi, mamolekyu ambiri amadzi amasanduka nthunzi (kusintha kuchoka ku madzi kupita ku nthunzi). Nthawi yomweyo, mamolekyu ena omwe amagwera m'makoma a chidebecho amasandukanso madzi (kusintha kuchoka ku nthunzi kupita ku madzi). Ngati chiwerengero cha mamolekyu omwe amasintha kuchoka ku madzi kupita ku nthunzi chili chofanana ndi chiwerengero cha mamolekyu omwe amasintha kuchoka ku nthunzi kupita ku madzi, padzakhala kulinganiza. Pamene kulinganiza kumachitika, pamwamba pa chidebe chomwe chili ndi mpweyawo akuti ndi wokhuta. Kukanikiza kwa nthunzi m'dera lokhuta kumadziwika kuti kukanikiza kwa nthunzi.
Kusintha kwa mawonekedwe kuchokera ku madzi kupita ku nthunzi kumatchedwa evaporation. Komabe, kusintha kwa mawonekedwe kuchokera ku nthunzi kupita ku madzi kumatchedwa condensation. Dziwani kuti kuthamanga kwa nthunzi yokhuta kumadalira kutentha kokha ndipo sikudalira voliyumu. Ngati kutentha kwa madzi kukukwera, mphamvu ya kinetic ya mamolekyu a madzi imawonjezeka.
Mphamvu ya kayendedwe ka mamolekyulu a madzi imawonjezeka kotero kuti liwiro la mamolekyulu a madzi liyenera kukwera. Motero, mamolekyulu ambiri othamanga kwambiri amasanduka nthunzi (kusintha kuchoka ku madzi kupita ku nthunzi). Chifukwa chakuti voliyumu ya chidebecho imakhala yokhazikika, kuthamanga kwa nthunzi kumadalira kokha kuchuluka kwa mamolekyulu (N) ndi liwiro (v).
Mamolekyu ambiri akamasanduka nthunzi ndipo liwiro la mamolekyu likakhala lalikulu, kuthamanga kwa nthunzi kumawonjezekanso. Motero, kulinganiza kudzachitika pa kukanikiza kwa nthunzi kwakukulu. Chifukwa chake, kuthamanga kwa nthunzi kokhutanso kumakhala kwakukulu. Kukanikiza kwa nthunzi kokhuta kumangokhalapo pokhapokha ngati kulinganiza kukuchitika.
Kuthamanga kwa nthunzi kumadalira kuchuluka, koma kuthamanga kwa nthunzi yokhuta sikudalira kuchuluka. Ngati kuchuluka kwa chidebe kukuwonjezeka kapena kutsika, pali kulinganiza. Chitsanzo chomwe chili pamwambapa chimangofuna kuti mumvetse kuthamanga kwa nthunzi yokhuta komwe kumachitika mumlengalenga. Kusiyana kwake ndikuti, mu chitsanzo chapitachi, tikuganiza kuti palibe madzi mu gawo la chidebe lomwe mulibe madzi. Chifukwa chake, gawo la thanki lomwe silisunga madzi limangokhala ndi nthunzi yamadzi. Kumbali ina, pamwamba pa dziko lapansi nthawi zonse pamakhala mpweya. Kugundana pakati pa mamolekyulu a nthunzi ndi mamolekyulu ena a mpweya kumangowonjezera kulinganiza. Komabe, nthawi ina, padzakhala kulinganiza ngati kuchuluka kwa mamolekyulu amadzi omwe amasanduka nthunzi kuli kofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa mamolekyulu a nthunzi omwe amasanduka madzi.
