Chiphunzitso cha Kinetic cha mpweya ndi lamulo loyamba la thermodynamics - mavuto ndi mayankho
1. Mpweya wabwino uli mu chidebe chokhala ndi voliyumu ya malita 4 ndipo kupanikizika kwake ndi 3 atm (1 atm = 10 5 Nm -2 ). Mpweya wabwino umatenthedwa pa kupanikizika kosalekeza kuyambira 27 o C mpaka 87 o C. Mphamvu ya kutentha ya mpweya ndi 9 JK -1 . Kodi voliyumu yomaliza ya mpweya ndi kusintha kwa mphamvu yamkati ya mpweya ndi yotani?
Anakonza
Njira ya Isobaric (kupanikizika kosalekeza)
Zodziwika:
Kuchuluka koyambirira kwa mpweya (V 1 ) = malita 4
Kutentha koyambirira kwa mpweya (T1 ) = 27 o C + 273 = 300 K
Kutentha komaliza kwa mpweya (T2 ) = 87 o C + 273 = 360 K
Kupanikizika kwa mpweya (P) = 3 atm = 3 x 10 5 Nm -2
Mphamvu ya kutentha ya mpweya (C) = 9 JK -1
Kufunidwa: Voliyumu yomaliza ya mpweya (V 2 ) ndi kusintha kwa mphamvu yamkati ya mpweya (ΔU)
Yankho:
Dziwani voliyumu yomaliza pogwiritsa ntchito equation ya lamulo la Charles (njira ya isobaric kapena kupanikizika kosalekeza):
Kusintha kwa voliyumu:
Lita imodzi = 0.001 m 3
Voliyumu yoyambirira (V 1 ) = 4 (0.001 m 3 ) = 0.004 m 3
Voliyumu yomaliza (V 2 ) = 4.8 (0.001 m 3 ) = 0.0048 m 3
Kusintha kwa voliyumu (ΔV) = V 2 – V 1 = 0.0048 m 3 – 0.004 m 3 = 0.008 m 3.
Kusintha kwa kutentha:
Kusintha kwa kutentha (ΔT) = T 2 – T 1 = 360 K – 300 K = 60 K
Dziwani kusintha kwa mphamvu yamkati (ΔU) ya mpweya wabwino pogwiritsa ntchito equation ya lamulo loyamba la thermodynamics.
ΔU = Q – W
ΔU = kusintha kwa mphamvu yamkati, Q = kutentha, W = ntchito
Dziwani ntchito (W) pa mphamvu yosalekeza:
W = P ΔV = (3 x 10 5 )(0.0008) = (3 x 10 1 )(8) = (30)(8) = 240 Joules
Dziwani kutentha (Q) pogwiritsa ntchito equation ya mphamvu ya kutentha (C):
C = Q / ΔT
Q = (C) (ΔT) = (9) (60) = 540 Joules
Dziwani kusintha kwa mphamvu yamkati:
ΔU = Q – W = 540 Joules – 240 Joules = 300 Joules.
2. Malita 6 a mpweya wabwino pa 2 atm ali mu chidebe (1 atm = 10 5 Nm -2 ). Mpweya umatenthedwa kuyambira 27 o C mpaka 77 o C pa mphamvu yosalekeza. Ngati mphamvu ya kutentha ya mpweya ndi 5 JK -1 , kodi voliyumu yomaliza ndi kusintha kwa mphamvu yamkati ya mpweya ndi yotani?
Yankho:
Njira ya Isobaric (kupanikizika kosalekeza)
Zodziwika:
Kuchuluka koyambirira kwa mpweya wabwino (V 1 ) = malita 6
Kutentha koyambirira kwa mpweya wabwino (T1 ) = 27 o C + 273 = 300 K
Kutentha komaliza kwa mpweya wabwino (T2 ) = 77 o C + 273 = 350 K
Kupanikizika kwa mpweya wabwino (P) = 2 atm = 2 x 10 5 Nm -2
Mphamvu ya kutentha ya mpweya (C) = 5 JK -1
Kufunidwa: Voliyumu yomaliza ya mpweya (V 2 ) ndi kusintha kwa mphamvu yamkati ya mpweya (ΔU)
Yankho:
Dziwani kuchuluka komaliza kwa mpweya pogwiritsa ntchito equation ya lamulo la Charles (njira ya isobaric kapena kupanikizika kosalekeza):
Kusintha kwa voliyumu:
Lita imodzi = 0.001 m 3
Voliyumu yoyambirira (V 1 ) = 6 (0.001 m 3 ) = 0.006 m 3
Voliyumu yomaliza (V 2 ) = 7 (0.001 m 3 ) = 0.007 m 3
Kusintha kwa voliyumu (ΔV) = V 2 – V 1 = 0.007 m 3 – 0.006 m 3 = 0.001 m 3
Kusintha kwa kutentha:
Kusintha kwa kutentha (ΔT) = T 2 – T 1 = 350 K – 300 K = 50 K
Dziwani kusintha kwa mphamvu yamkati (ΔU) ya mpweya wabwino pogwiritsa ntchito equation ya lamulo loyamba la thermodynamics.
ΔU = Q – W
ΔU = kusintha kwa mphamvu yamkati, Q = kutentha, W = ntchito
Dziwani ntchito (W) pa mphamvu yosalekeza:
W = P ΔV = (2 x 10 5 )(0.001) = (2 x 10 2 )(1) = (200)(1) = 200 Joules
Dziwani kutentha (Q) pogwiritsa ntchito equation ya mphamvu ya kutentha (C):
C = Q / ΔT
Q = (C) (ΔT) = (5) (50) = 250 Joules
Dziwani kusintha kwa mphamvu yamkati:
ΔU = Q – W = 250 Joules – 200 Joules = 50 Joules.
- Kodi mfundo zazikulu za chiphunzitso cha kinetic cha mpweya ndi ziti?
- Yankho: Chiphunzitso cha kayendedwe ka mpweya chimaganiza kuti: (a) Mpweya umakhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayenda mosasinthasintha; (b) Tinthu tating'onoting'ono timeneti timatalikirana kwambiri poyerekeza ndi kukula kwake; (c) Kugundana pakati pa tinthu ta mpweya, kapena pakati pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi makoma a chidebe chake, ndi kotanuka (mwachitsanzo, palibe mphamvu ya kayendedwe ka mpweya yomwe imatayika); (d) Palibe mphamvu zapakati pa mamolekyulu pakati pa tinthu ta mpweya; ndipo (e) Mphamvu ya kayendedwe ka mpweya wapakati pa tinthu ta mpweya imagwirizana mwachindunji ndi kutentha kwathunthu kwa mpweya.
- Kodi mphamvu yapakati ya kinetic ya mamolekyu a gasi imakhudzana bwanji ndi kutentha kwa gasi?
- Yankho: Mphamvu yapakati ya kinetic ya mamolekyu a gasi imagwirizana mwachindunji ndi kutentha konse (mu Kelvin) kwa gasi. Pamene kutentha kukukwera, mphamvu yapakati ya kinetic ya mamolekyu imawonjezekanso.
- Kodi tanthauzo la zero yeniyeni ndi chiyani pankhani ya kayendedwe ka mamolekyulu?
- Yankho: Zero yeniyeni (0 Kelvin) ndi kutentha komwe kayendedwe ka mamolekyu onse kamasiya. Kumayimira kutentha kotsika kwambiri komwe palibe chomwe chingakhale chozizira kwambiri ndipo palibe mphamvu ya kutentha yomwe imatsalira mu chinthu.
- Kodi lamulo loyamba la thermodynamics pankhani ya mphamvu yamkati, kutentha, ndi ntchito ndi liti?
- Yankho: Lamulo loyamba la thermodynamics limati kusintha kwa mphamvu yamkati ya dongosolo ndi kofanana ndi kutentha komwe kumawonjezedwa ku dongosolo kupatula ntchito yomwe dongosololi limachita pamalo ozungulira: ΔU = Q – W.
- Mu njira ya isochoric, kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani kuntchito yomwe yachitika ndi kapena pa dongosolo?
- Yankho: Mu njira ya isochoric, voliyumu imakhalabe yofanana. Chifukwa chake, palibe ntchito yomwe imachitidwa ndi kapena pa dongosolo, chifukwa ntchito m'mikhalidwe yotereyi imaperekedwa ndi ntchito ya pressure-volume, yomwe ingakhale zero ngati voliyumu sisintha.
- Kodi timatanthauza chiyani tikanena kuti mpweya ndi "wabwino"?
- Yankho: Mpweya "wabwino" ndi umene umatsatira lamulo la mpweya wabwino (PV = nRT) pansi pa mikhalidwe yonse ya kutentha ndi kupanikizika. Zimatanthauzanso kuti mpweya umatsatira bwino kwambiri mfundo za chiphunzitso cha kinetic, popanda mphamvu zapakati pa mamolekyulu ndi kugundana kolimba bwino.
- Kodi mpweya weniweni umasiyana bwanji ndi mpweya wabwino?
- Yankho: Mpweya weniweni umasiyana ndi khalidwe labwino kwambiri pakakhala kupanikizika kwakukulu komanso kutentha kochepa. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa mphamvu zapakati pa mamolekyulu ndi kukula kochepa kwa mamolekyulu a mpweya. Kupatuka kumeneku kumafotokozedwa ndi equation ya van der Waals ndi ma equation ena ofanana.
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N’chifukwa chiyani lamulo loyamba la thermodynamics lingaganizidwe ngati lamulo loteteza chilengedwe?
- Yankho: Lamulo loyamba la thermodynamics lingaganizidwe kuti ndi lamulo losunga zinthu chifukwa limanena kuti mphamvu sizingapangidwe kapena kuwonongedwa, koma zimangosamutsidwa kapena kusinthidwa kuchokera ku mawonekedwe ena kupita ku ena. Izi zikusonyeza mfundo yosunga mphamvu.
