Nkhani yokhudza mphamvu yamagetsi mu maatomu
Chonde yang'anani chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe zili pafupi nanu. Ngati muwononga chinthu, mwachitsanzo, ndi mwala, mwalawo udzagawidwa m'zidutswa zazing'ono. Ngati gawo la mwalawo litawonongedwanso, zidutswa za miyala zidzasanduka zidutswa zazing'ono. Nanga bwanji ngati mwalawo utawonongedwanso? Zachidziwikire, mwalawo ndi wocheperako. Kodi miyala ingawonongeke kukhala zidutswa zazing'ono mpaka zopanda malire? Zoona zake zikusonyeza kuti chinthu chogawidwa m'zidutswa zazing'ono chidzafika pamalo pomwe gawo laling'ono kwambiri la chinthucho silingagawanike kukhala laling'ono. Gawo laling'ono kwambiri la chinthu chomwe sichingagawanike limatchedwa atomu. Chifukwa chake, maatomu ndi gawo laling'ono kwambiri la zinthu zonse m'chilengedwe chonse.
Maatomu amapangidwa ndi ma elekitironi, ma protoni, ndi ma neutroni. Ma protoni ndi ma neutroni amapanga ma atomu a nyukiliya omwe ali ndi kutalika kwa mamita 10-15. Ma elekitironiwo ali kunja kwa nyukiliyasi ndipo amayendayenda mozungulira nyukiliyasi ya atomu ngati mapulaneti omwe amazungulira dzuwa. Ngati akuganiza kuti m'mimba mwake mwa atomu ndi makilomita ochepa, ndiye kuti nyukiliyasi ya atomu ndi kukula kwa mpira wa biliyadi,
ndipo ma elekitironi ali pakati pa nucleus ndipo amafika mtunda wa pafupifupi mamita 10 -10 kuchokera pakati. Pakati pa core ndi electron, pali malo.
Ma electron omwe ali ndi mphamvu yoipa amapezeka m'mphepete mwa ma atomu ndipo ma proton omwe ali ndi mphamvu yoipa amapezeka mu nyukiliyasi ya atomu. Kuti ma electron apitirize kuzungulira nyukiliyasiyo osatuluka mu atomu, nyukiliyasi ya atomu yomwe ili ndi mphamvu yoipa iyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yokoka pa elekitironiyo. Mphamvu yomwe imakopa ma electron kuti akhale mozungulira nyukiliyasiyo ndipo singalekanitsidwe ndi atomu imatchedwa mphamvu yamagetsi.
Kumbali ina, mkati mwa nyukiliyasi ya atomu, muli ma protoni okhala ndi mphamvu zabwino kotero kuti ma protoni ayenera kubwezana chifukwa cha mphamvu yomweyo. Kuti ma protoni akhale pamodzi mu nyukiliyasi osati kulekana ndi atomu, payenera kukhala mphamvu yomwe imagwirizanitsa ma protoni. Mphamvu yomwe imalumikiza ma protoni kuti akhale pamodzi mu nyukiliyasi ya atomu imatchedwa mphamvu ya nyukiliya.
Kulemera kwa pulotoni kuli pafupifupi kofanana ndi kulemera kwa neutron. Pafupifupi 99.9% ya kulemera kwa atomiki kumakhala pakati pa atomiki, pomwe ma elekitironi ali ndi kulemera kwazing'ono. Kulemera kwa elekitironi (me) = 9.1093897 x 10 -31 kg, kulemera kwa neutron (mn) = 1.6749286 x 10 -27 kg, kulemera kwa protoni (mp) = 1.6726231 x 10 -27 kg.
Kuchuluka kwa magetsi
Ma electron ndi negative, ma proton ndi positive, ndipo ma neutroni ndi osalowerera. Ma proton kapena ma neutroni amapangidwa ndi ma quark, omwe ali ndi mphamvu ya ± 1/3 ndi ± 2/3 kuposa mphamvu ya ma electron. Ma Quark ndi tinthu tating'ono kwambiri tomwe timapanga ma atomu, koma mpaka pano, ma quark sanapezeke kuti ndi tinthu tating'ono tokha.
Kuchuluka kwa electron charge kapena proton charge ndiye gawo loyambira la charge. Chaji yamagetsi ya chinthu ndi multiple ya electron charge kapena proton charge. Izi zimatchedwa quantized charge. Mwachitsanzo, ngati gawo laling'ono kwambiri la ndalama zomwe timagwiritsa ntchito ndi 1, ndiye kuti ndalama zomwe munthu wanena mu multiples ya ndalama yaying'ono kwambiri ndi 1. Mwachitsanzo, ndalama zanga ndi 2 ndi 3.
Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya elekitironi ndi –e ndipo kukula kwa mphamvu ya protoni ndi +e. Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya chinthu ndi multiple ya e kapena 1.60 x 10 -19 Coulomb ndipo kungafotokozedwe ndi Q = ± Ne. Q = chiwerengero cha mphamvu, ± chikuyimira mtundu wa mphamvu, N = integer, e = 1.60 x 10 -19 Coulomb.
Mphamvu yamagetsi mu zinthu
Ngati atomu ili ndi ma elekitironi ambiri monga pulotoni, ndiye kuti mphamvu yonse yamagetsi mu atomu ndi zero, ndipo atomu iyi ndi yopanda mphamvu kapena yopanda mphamvu yamagetsi. Chiwerengero cha ma protoni kapena ma elekitironi mu atomu yopanda mphamvu chimatchedwa nambala ya atomiki (Z). Ngati ma elekitironi ali oposa pulotoni, ndiye kuti atomu imakhala ndi mphamvu yoipa. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ngati ma elekitironi ali ochepa kuposa ma protoni, amakhala ndi mphamvu yoipa. Ma atomu omwe ali ndi mphamvu yoipa amatchedwa ma ayoni oipa, pomwe ma atomu omwe ali ndi mphamvu yoipa amatchedwa ma ayoni abwino. Njira yolandirira kapena kutulutsa ma elekitironi kuchokera ku atomu imatchedwa ionization. Tikamanena kuti, atomu imapatsidwa mphamvu, tanthauzo lake ndi mphamvu yoipa. Mwachitsanzo, atomu ili ndi ma elekitironi 10 ndi ma protoni 7. Atomu iyi imapatsidwa mphamvu yoipa chifukwa ili ndi ma elekitironi atatu ochulukirapo. Chifukwa chake, mphamvu yoipa ya atomu iyi ndi 3, ndipo mtundu uwu wa mphamvu ya atomu ndi yoipa. Zithunzi 3, 7, 10 ndi zitsanzo chabe zoti zithandize kumvetsetsa. M'malo mwake, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yamagetsi ya chinthu ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya elekitironi kapena mphamvu ya protoni.
Ngati chinthu chili ndi ma elekitironi ambiri monga ma protoni, ndiye kuti chinthucho chili ndi mphamvu yamagetsi kapena sichili ndi mphamvu yamagetsi. Ngati chinthu chili ndi ma elekitironi ambiri kuposa protoni, chinthucho chimakhala ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yoipa, pomwe ngati chinthu chili ndi ma elekitironi ochepa kuposa protoni, chinthucho chimakhala ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yoipa. Zinthu zomwe poyamba zinali ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yoipa zimatha kupangidwa kuti zikhale ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yoipa powonjezera ma elekitironi ku chinthucho. Kupanda kutero, zinthu zimatha kupangidwa kuti zikhale ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yoipa pochepetsa ma elekitironi mu chinthucho.
