Tanthauzo la Mphamvu ya ma capacitor
Galasi laling'ono limatha kukhala ndi madzi pang'ono, pomwe galasi lalikulu limatha kukhala ndi madzi ambiri. Galasi likakula, madzi ambiri amatha kukhalamo. Chifukwa chake, galasi lililonse limatha kukhala ndi mphamvu kapena kukula kwa mphamvu yosunga madzi. Monga galasi, ma capacitor amathanso kusunga ma charge amagetsi ndi mphamvu yamagetsi. Mphamvu ya capacitor yosungira ma charge amagetsi ndi mphamvu yamagetsi imatchedwa capacitance.
Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza mphamvu yamagetsi
Kukula kwa mphamvu ya galasi kusunga madzi kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa galasi. Nanga bwanji ma capacitor, nchiyani chimatsimikiza kukula kwa mphamvu ya capacitor kusunga mphamvu yamagetsi?
Chithunzi chomwe chili m'mbali chikuwonetsa capacitor yosavuta yokhala ndi mbale ziwiri zoyendetsera magetsi zomwe zimalekanitsidwa ndi mtunda winawake. Musanalumikizane ndi gwero la magetsi, monga batire, mbale ziwirizo sizimayikidwa magetsi. Kenako mbale imodzi imalumikizidwa ku positive pole ya batire ndipo mbale inayo imalumikizidwa ku negative pole ya batire pogwiritsa ntchito chingwe.
Pambuyo polumikizana ndi ndodo yabwino ya batri, mphamvu yabwino pa batri imakoka ma elekitironi omwe ali ndi mphamvu zoyipa pa mbaleyo kotero kuti ma elekitironiwo asunthire ku ndodo yabwino ya batriyo. Izi zimapangitsa kuti ma mbalewo asakhale ndi ma elekitironi (chaji yoyipa) ndi ma protoni ochulukirapo (chaji yabwino) kotero kuti ma mbalewo amakhala ndi mphamvu yabwino.
Pambuyo polumikizidwa ku pole yoyipa ya batri, mphamvu yoyipa pa mbaleyo imakoka ma elekitironi omwe ali ndi mphamvu yoyipa pa pole yoyipa ya batriyo kotero kuti ma elekitironiwo asunthire ku mbaleyo. Izi zimapangitsa kuti mbaleyo ichuluke ma elekitironiwo kotero kuti mbaleyo ikhale ndi mphamvu yoyipa. Njira yosuntha ma elekitironi pakati pa mbale ndi mabatire imayima pambuyo poti kusiyana komwe kungachitike pakati pa mbale ziwirizo kuli kofanana ndi kusiyana komwe kungachitike pakati pa mbale ziwiri za batri.
Kodi mumawonjezera bwanji mphamvu yamagetsi pa mbale zonse ziwiri za conductor? Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kodi chiyenera kuchitika chiyani kuti mutumize ma elekitironi kupita ndi kuchoka pa positive pole ya batri? Kusuntha kwa ma elekitironi kumachitika pokhapokha ngati kusiyana kwa mphamvu yamagetsi pakati pa pole ziwiri za batri kuli kwakukulu kuposa kusiyana kwa mphamvu yamagetsi pakati pa kondakitala awiriwa. Kuti elekitironi isunthenso kuti mphamvu yamagetsi mu mbale iliyonse ya conductor ikule, batri yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito imasinthidwa ndi gwero lina lamagetsi lomwe lili ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwa mphamvu yamagetsi. Kusuntha kwa ma elekitironi kumayima pamene kusiyana kwa mphamvu yamagetsi mu gwero lofanana ndi kusiyana kwa mphamvu ya capacitor. Chifukwa chake, ngati kusiyana kwa mphamvu yamagetsi mu gwero lokhala ndi mphamvu yamagetsi kuli kwakukulu kuposa, kusiyana kwa mphamvu ya capacitor nakonso kumakhala kwakukulu.
Kutengera ndi ndemanga yomwe ili pamwambapa, zitha kutsimikizika kuti mphamvu yamagetsi ikasungidwa mu mbale iliyonse ya conductor, kusiyana kwa mphamvu yamagetsi pakati pa mbale ziwiri za conductor kumakulirakulira. Chifukwa chake, mphamvu yamagetsi (Q) imagwirizana ndi kusiyana kwa mphamvu yamagetsi (V). Ubale pakati pa mphamvu yamagetsi ndi mphamvu yamagetsi wafotokozedwa poyerekeza motere:
Q α V
Kuyerekeza komwe kwatchulidwa pamwambapa kumasinthidwa kukhala ma equation powonjezera C yosasinthika:
Q = CV kapena C = Q / V
Q = mphamvu yamagetsi (Coulomb), V = kusiyana kwa mphamvu yamagetsi kapena mphamvu yamagetsi (Volt), C = yosasintha yomwe imatchedwa capacitor capacitance.
Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yamagetsi sikudalira mphamvu yamagetsi ndi magetsi, koma kumadalira mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwa mbale ya kondakitala. Umboni wamasamu wosonyeza kuti mphamvu yamagetsi imadalira mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwa mbale ya kondakitala ukufotokozedwa mu mutu wa capacitor ya mbale yofanana. Mu mutuwo, akuganiza kuti pakati pa ma kondakitala awiriwa pali vacuum.
Mphamvu ya capacitor imadaliranso mtundu wa zinthu zomwe zili pakati pa mbale ziwiri za conductor. Zinthu zomwe zili pakati pa mbale ziwiri za conductor zimatchedwa dielectric. Mphamvu ya capacitor yomwe ili ndi dielectrics ikufotokozedwa mozama pankhani ya zinthu zokhazikika za dielectric.
Gawo la capacitance
Chigawo cha mphamvu yamagetsi ndi Coulomb ndipo chigawo cha kusiyana kwa mphamvu yamagetsi ndi Volt, kotero izi zimachokera ku equation ya capacitance pamwambapa. Chigawo cha capacitance ndi Coulomb pa Volt (C/V), chomwe chimatchedwanso Farad (F) chomwe chimachokera ku dzina la wasayansi waku Britain Michael Faraday (1791-1867). Chifukwa chake, 1 Farad = 1 Coulomb/Volt.
Tiyerekeze kuti capacitor yokhala ndi mtengo wa 2 Farad ikutanthauza kuti capacitor imasunga mphamvu yamagetsi ya +2 Coulombs pa mbale imodzi ya conductor ndi -2 Coulombs pa mbale ina ya conductor. Pamene mbale ziwiri za conductor zili ndi kusiyana kwa Volt imodzi. Ngati batire ya 12 Volt yalumikizidwa ku capacitor, imodzi mwa mbale za conductor zomwe zili ndi mphamvu yamagetsi ndi Q = CV = (2) (12 Volts) = +24 Coulomb pomwe mbale ina ya conductor ndi -24 Coulomb.
Chonde dziwani kuti Farad ndi chipangizo chachikulu cha capacitance kotero nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chipangizo chaching'ono, chomwe ndi microfarad chofupikitsidwa μF (10 -6 Farad ) kapena picofarad chofupikitsidwa ngati pF (10 -12 Farad). Mawerengedwe a masamu kuti asonyeze kuti Farad ndi chipangizo chachikulu, chomwe chafotokozedwa mu mutu wa parallel plate capacitor.
