Njira ndi Njira Zogwiritsira Ntchito Golide Kuchokera ku Ma Ore
Kukonza golide kuchokera ku miyala ndi njira zingapo zaukadaulo zolekanitsira ndikuyeretsa golide kuchokera ku miyala yomwe ili ndi mchere wamtengo wapatali. Popeza golide nthawi zambiri sapezeka mu mawonekedwe "oyera" osavuta kupeza mwachilengedwe, njira zolondola zimafunika—kuyambira kukonzekera miyala, kulekanitsa thupi, kuchotsa madzi, ndi kuyenga komaliza. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza njira zodziwika bwino zokonzera golide kuchokera ku miyala, pamodzi ndi mfundo zake zogwirira ntchito, ubwino ndi kuipa kwake, komanso chitetezo chofunikira komanso zinthu zachilengedwe.
1. Makhalidwe a Golide Ofunika ndi Kufunika kwa Kuyesa Koyamba
Musanasankhe njira yogwiritsira ntchito miyala, gawo lofunika kwambiri ndikumvetsetsa makhalidwe a miyalayo. Miyala yagolide ikhoza kukhala:
– Ma oxide ores (nthawi zambiri amakhala osavuta kuwakonza).
– Ma sulfide ores (nthawi zambiri “amakoka” chifukwa golideyo amakhala m'michere ya sulfide monga pyrite/arsenopyrite).
– Mchere wa Carbonaceous kapena preg-ribbing (carbon yachilengedwe imayamwa golide wambiri motero imachepetsa kuchira).
– Malo oyikapo/opanda madzi (tinthu tagolide topanda madzi mumchenga/miyala ya m'mtsinje).
Mu ntchito zamafakitale, kuyesa kwa zitsulo monga kusanthula kuchuluka kwa golide (kuyesa moto), kuyesa kwa mineralological (microscopy/XRD), ndi mayeso ochotsa zinthu m'ma laboratories amachitidwa kuti ayese kuchira ndikupeza njira yothandiza kwambiri yochitira izi.
2. Kukonzekera kwa miyala: Kuphwanya ndi Kupera
Gawo loyamba la kukonza ndi kuchepetsa kukula kwa miyala kuti mchere wa golide utuluke ku miyala yodetsedwa.
1) Kuphwanya
Madothi ochokera mu mgodi nthawi zambiri amakhala aakulu kukula, kenako amaphwanyidwa pogwiritsa ntchito chotsukira nsagwada kapena chotsukira cha koni mpaka kukula kwa masentimita.
2) Kupera/kugaya
Pambuyo pake, miyalayo imaphwanyidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mphero ya mpira kapena mphero ya SAG mpaka kukula kocheperako (mwachitsanzo, 80% imadutsa ma microns 75–150), kutengera zofunikira pakumasulidwa.
Cholinga chake si kungokonza zinthuzo, komanso kupeza kukula koyenera. Zinthu zokhuthala kwambiri zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuchotsa golide, pomwe zinthu zopyapyala kwambiri zimawonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito reagent ndipo zimapangitsa kuti kulekanitsa zinthu zolimba ndi zamadzimadzi kukhale kovuta.
3. Kukhazikika kwa Mphamvu Yokoka: Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kusiyana kwa Mphamvu Yokoka
Ngati miyala yamtengo wapatali ili ndi golide wopanda miyala, njira yokoka ndi yothandiza kwambiri chifukwa golide ali ndi mphamvu yokoka yapamwamba kwambiri.
Zipangizo zodziwika bwino:
– Bokosi la sluice (lofala kwambiri pa skeli/plaser).
– Chosungira zinthu mozungulira.
– Tebulo logwedeza.
– Chosungira cha Knelson kapena chosungira cha Falcon (chosungira cha centrifugal).
Ubwino wa njira yokoka ndi kuphweka kwake, ndalama zochepa zogwirira ntchito, komanso kusadalira mankhwala. Zoyipa zake ndi monga kusagwira ntchito bwino kwa golide wabwino kwambiri kapena golide womangidwa mu mchere wa sulfide.
4. Kuyandama: Michere Yokhala ndi Golide Yochuluka
Pa miyala ya sulfide, golide nthawi zambiri amagwirizanitsidwa ndi pyrite, chalcopyrite, kapena arsenopyrite. Pazochitika izi, flotation ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga sulfide concentrates yapamwamba kwambiri, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimafuna kukonzedwanso kwina.
Mfundo yoyandama:
– Tinthu ta mchere timapangidwa kukhala topanda hydrofobic ndi zinthu zosonkhanitsa (monga xanthate).
– Mpweya umawombedwa kuti mchere wosagwirizana ndi madzi umamatire ku thovu ndikuyandama ngati thovu (concentrate).
– Mamineral ena amakhalabe mu zamkati ngati tailings.
Zinthu zoyandama (concentrates) nthawi zambiri zimakonzedwanso kudzera mu njira zotulutsira kapena zotenthetsera (makamaka pazinthu zotsalira).
5. Kutulutsa: Kusungunula Golide ndi Mankhwala
Kutulutsa golide ndi mtima wa mphero zambiri zamakono. Golide womasuka amasungunuka kukhala chinthu chosungunuka kenako n’kubwezeretsedwanso.
a) Kusakaniza kwa cyanidation
Njira yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale ndi kuchotsedwa kwa cyanide, chifukwa ndi yothandiza komanso yosankha miyala yambiri. Golide amapanga zinthu zosungunuka mu njira za cyanide pansi pa pH ya alkaline komanso kupezeka kwa mpweya.
Makonzedwe awiri ofanana:
– CIL (Carbon-in-Leach): mpweya wopangidwa umayikidwa mwachindunji mu thanki ya leach kuti utenge golide wosungunuka.
– CIP (Carbon-in-Pulp): kuchotsedwa kwa madzi kumachitika kaye, kenako kusinthidwa kukhala carbonization pagawo lotsatira.
Ubwino: kuchira kwakukulu pa miyala yoyenera ndipo yatsimikiziridwa pamlingo waukulu.
Vuto: limafuna kuwongolera kwambiri magawo a ndondomeko ndi kasamalidwe kotetezeka ka zinyalala.
b) Kuchotsa Milu ya Ma Heap
Pa miyala yamtengo wapatali komanso yolowa madzi, heap leaching imagwiritsidwa ntchito:
– Mcherewo umaphwanyidwa, nthawi zina umasonkhanitsidwa pamodzi, kenako umayikidwa pa pepala lotsekedwa.
– Yankho la leach limathiridwa (kuthiriridwa) kuchokera pamwamba.
- Yankho lokhala ndi pakati limasonkhanitsidwa pansipa ndikukonzedwa kuti libwezeretse golide.
Njirayi ili ndi ndalama zochepa zogulira zinthu poyerekeza ndi mafakitale a CIL/CIP, koma nthawi zambiri imakhala yocheperako ndipo kubwezeretsa ndalama kungakhale kotsika.
c) Njira Zina Zosakhala za Cyanide (Kutengera Kuthekera)
Njira zina zomwe zafufuzidwa/kukhazikitsidwa ndizochepa:
– Kuchotsa thiosulfate (kuthekera kochotsa miyala isanayambe kuba).
– Kutulutsa kwa Halide (chloride/bromide pansi pa mikhalidwe ina).
Komabe, kawirikawiri kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kumafuna kuwongolera njira zovuta kwambiri ndipo sikufala kwambiri monga kuwononga migodi yambiri.
6. Kukonza Matope Opanda Mphamvu: Kutulutsa Oxidation Musanayambe Kutulutsa Madzi
Miyala yosungunuka ndi miyala yomwe golide "amatsekedwa" mu mchere wa sulfide kapena kutsekedwa ndi matrix inayake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti cyanide isagwire ntchito popanda mankhwala opangidwa kale. Njira zochizira zisanachitike zikuphatikizapo:
1) Kuwotcha
Ma sulfide amasungunuka kutentha kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti golide awonekere bwino. Kulamulira kutulutsa mpweya (monga SO₂/As) ndikofunikira.
2) Kuchuluka kwa Oxidation (POX)
Kuchuluka kwa okosijeni mu autoclave yopanikizika ndi mpweya. Kubwezeretsa kungakhale kokwera, koma ndalama zogulira zinthu zimakhala zambiri.
3) Kusungunuka kwa mpweya m'thupi (BIOX)
Kugwiritsa ntchito mabakiteriya kuti apangitse sulfide kukhala yofewa pansi pa malamulo. Ndi "yozizira" kuposa kuwotcha, koma imafuna nthawi yokonza ndi kuyang'anira bioreactor.
Pambuyo pa oxidation, mchere/concentrate umachotsedwa (nthawi zambiri ndi cyanide) kuti golide asungunuke.
7. Kubwezeretsa Golide Kuchokera ku Yankho: Kaboni Yogwiritsidwa Ntchito, Utomoni, ndi Mvula
Golide akasungunuka, sitepe yotsatira ndi kumuchotsa mu yankho.
– Kulowetsedwa kwa kaboni (CIP/CIL): kaboni imakoka golide. Kenako kaboniyo imachotsedwa (kuchotsedwa) pogwiritsa ntchito njira yapadera yotulutsira golideyo.
– Resin-in-Pulp (RIP): utomoni wosinthana ma ion umalowa m'malo mwa kaboni pazifukwa zina, nthawi zina umalimbana ndi kuipitsidwa.
– Kuchuluka kwa zinc (Merrill–Crowe): yankho lolemera limayeretsedwa ndikuchotsedwa mpweya, kenako golide amathiridwa pogwiritsa ntchito ufa wa zinc. Njira iyi ndi yoyenera pa yankho loyera.
Zotsatira zake nthawi zambiri zimakhala matope/madzimadzi omwe amasungunuka kukhala doré (chosakaniza chagolide ndi siliva) asanayambe kukonzedwanso.
8. Kusungunula ndi Kuyeretsa
Chogulitsa chomwe chapezeka (monga elution precipitate kapena Merrill-Crowe) chimaumitsidwa kenako n’kusungunuka pogwiritsa ntchito flux kuti chipange doré bar. Kenako doré imayeretsedwa mu fakitale yoyeretsera ndi:
- Njira zamagetsi (monga Wohlwill ya golide woyeretsedwa kwambiri).
– Njira ya Miller (kugwiritsa ntchito chlorine kulekanitsa zinyalala zina).
Kuyeretsa kumapanga golide wapamwamba kwambiri (monga 99,99%) malinga ndi miyezo yamalonda.
9. Kuyang'anira Miyala, Madzi Oyendetsera Ntchito, ndi Mbali Zachilengedwe
Kukonza golide nthawi zonse kumapanga zinthu zotsalira (zolimba zotsala) ndi kukonza madzi, zomwe ziyenera kusamalidwa bwino. Njira zodziwika bwino ndi izi:
- Kukhuthala ndi kusungiramo ming'alu mu TSF (malo osungira ming'alu) pogwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe ka geotechnical.
- Bwezeretsani madzi kuti muchepetse kugwiritsa ntchito madzi.
– Kuchotsa poizoni m'ma reagent residues (monga kuchepetsa ma cyanide residues pogwiritsa ntchito njira zina zochotsera poizoni m'thupi ngati pakufunika kutero).
- Kuyang'anira ubwino wa madzi, kukhazikika kwa madamu a m'mbali mwa mtsinje, ndi mapulani otseka migodi.
Mbali za Umoyo ndi Chitetezo Pantchito (K3) nazonso ndizofunikira: kugwiritsa ntchito ma reagents, kulamulira fumbi, kupewa kukhudzana ndi zinthu zoopsa, ndi njira zadzidzidzi ziyenera kukhala mbali ya dongosolo logwirira ntchito.
10. Kesimpulan
Njira ndi njira zoyeretsera golide kuchokera ku miyala zimadalira kwambiri mtundu wa miyala, kukula kwa kumasulidwa, ndi makhalidwe a mineralological. Njira zodziwika bwino zoyeretsera golide zimaphatikizapo kuphwanya ndi kupukuta, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yokoka ndi/kapena kuyandama, kuchotsedwa kwa golide (nthawi zambiri kusungunuka mu CIL/CIP kapena heap leach), kubwezeretsanso golide kuchokera ku yankho, kenako kusungunula ndi kuyenga. Pa miyala yotsalira, njira zoyeretsera golide monga kuwotcha, POX, kapena bio-oxidation ndizofunikira kuti mutulutse golideyo moyenera. Koposa zonse, kupambana kwa kukonza golide kwamakono kumatsimikiziridwanso ndi kukhazikitsa njira zowongolera mwamphamvu, kuyeretsa bwino ndi kuyang'anira madzi, komanso kudzipereka ku chitetezo chantchito ndi kuteteza chilengedwe.
Ngati mukufuna, nditha kusintha nkhaniyi kuti igwirizane ndi momwe zinthu zilili pamlingo wa mafakitale (ndi ma flowsheet ndi magawo wamba), kapena pamlingo waung'ono/wapakati (ndikuyang'ana kwambiri kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yokoka ndi machitidwe oyambira ogwirira ntchito) kuti zigwirizane ndi zosowa zanu.
