Mfundo ndi Njira Zogwiritsira Ntchito Migodi M'mikhalidwe Yaikulu Kwambiri ya Zachilengedwe
Kukumba migodi m'malo ovuta kwambiri a geology ndi vuto lamitundu yambiri lomwe limafuna kulondola kwaukadaulo, kusamala kwambiri, komanso kusintha mwachangu kwaukadaulo. Mawu akuti "geology yoopsa" amatanthauza malo a miyala ndi mapangidwe a geology omwe amachititsa zoopsa zazikulu kukhazikika kwa mapiri, chitetezo cha kutsegula kwa migodi, kupitiliza kugwira ntchito, komanso zotsatirapo zachilengedwe. Zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo madera omwe ali ndi vuto, miyala yofooka kwambiri kapena yofooka kwambiri, kuya kwakukulu komwe kumakhala ndi kupsinjika kwakukulu, mikhalidwe yovuta ya hydrogeological (madzi apansi panthaka omwe ali ndi mphamvu), ndi madera otentha kwambiri monga mapiri ataliatali kapena madera okhala ndi chipale chofewa. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mfundo zazikulu ndi njira zogwirira ntchito zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri pothana ndi mikhalidweyi.
Kumvetsetsa "Zoopsa Kwambiri": Magwero a Chiwopsezo cha Zachilengedwe
Mikhalidwe ya nthaka imakhala yoipa kwambiri pamene kusatsimikizika ndi zoopsa zikuwonjezeka kwambiri. Zina mwa magwero akuluakulu ndi awa:
1. Ma geomekaniki ovuta: miyala yofooka (dongo, shale yosweka), miyala yolumikizana kwambiri, kapena miyala yamphamvu koma yofooka yomwe imatha kuphulika mozama.
2. Kapangidwe ka nthaka kovuta: zolakwika, mapindidwe, madera odulidwa, ndi kulumikizana kwa ziwalo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzi atsetsereke komanso njira zotuluka m'madzi zitheke.
3. Kuthamanga kwa madzi m'mabowo akuluakulu: madzi apansi panthaka omwe ali ndi mphamvu yokakamiza amatha kuchepetsa mphamvu ya miyala, kuyambitsa kulephera kwa mapiri, kapena kuyambitsa kuchuluka kwa madzi m'migodi yapansi panthaka.
4. Kuzama kwambiri m'malo okhala ndi kupsinjika: kumawonjezera chiopsezo cha kugwa, kufinya nthaka (mwala "wolowa" m'malo otseguka), kapena kugwedezeka kwa miyala.
5. Nyengo yoipa kwambiri ndi malo: mvula yamphamvu kwambiri, kuzizira kwambiri, chisanu chokhazikika, kapena malo ovuta kufikako m'malo otsetsereka.
Mfundo Zoyambira za Migodi mu Geology Yoopsa Kwambiri
1) Kapangidwe Koyendetsedwa ndi Deta ndi Kusatsimikizika
Chofunika kwambiri ndikuwongolera kusatsimikizika. Kafukufuku wa za nthaka ndi za nthaka ayenera kukhala wozama kwambiri kuposa masiku onse: mapu atsatanetsatane, kuboola za nthaka, kuyesa kwa labotale (UCS, triaxial, direct shear), kulemba malo osungira zinthu, ndi kuyesa kwa hydrogeological. Detayo imasinthidwa kukhala chitsanzo cha 3D geological-geotechnical chomwe chimasinthidwa nthawi ndi nthawi kuti chiwonetse momwe zinthu zilili (njira yowonera).
2) Chitetezo ndi Kukhazikika monga Zofunika Kwambiri Pakapangidwe
Mu nthaka yovuta kwambiri, zolinga zopangira siziyenera kupitirira malire okhazikika. Zinthu zotetezera malo otsetsereka kapena otseguka zimakhazikitsidwa mosamala, ndi mapulani omveka bwino ochepetsera: kapangidwe ka jiometri, kulimbitsa, kutulutsa madzi, ndi njira zotulutsira.
3) Kulamulira Madzi ngati "Wosintha Masewera"
Madzi nthawi zambiri ndiye amachititsa kuti madzi alephere kugwira ntchito. Mfundo yake ndi kuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa madzi m'mabowo ndi kuwongolera kayendedwe ka madzi. Njira zodziwika bwino zimaphatikizapo kuchotsa madzi m'zitsime, kuchotsa madzi opingasa, kuchotsa madzi ochulukirapo, kuchotsa madzi ochulukirapo, ndi makina opopera madzi ozungulira.
4) Kuwunika Nthawi Yeniyeni ndi Kuyankha Mwachangu
Kufufuza kwambiri za nthaka kumafuna kuwunika kosalekeza: kuyang'anira ma prism, radar yotsetsereka, ma piezometer, ma extensometer, kuyang'anira ma microseismic, kuyeza kwa convergence, ndi zida zanzeru za bolt. Deta iyenera kulumikizidwa ndi malire (mapulani oyankha zochita/TARP) kuti zitheke kupanga zisankho mwachangu.
5) Kusinthasintha kwa Njira ndi Magawo a Migodi
Njira zogwirira ntchito m'migodi sizimangotengera mtengo wokha, komanso kupirira miyala. Nthawi ndi ndondomeko za migodi ziyenera kukhala zosinthasintha kuti madera oopsa apewedwe kapena kuwonjezeredwa kaye.
Njira Zofukula Migodi Yotseguka pa Mikhalidwe Yaikulu Kwambiri
1) Malo Otsetsereka a Mgodi Okhala ndi Kasamalidwe ka Geometry Kosasinthika
Mu miyala yofooka kapena yosweka kwambiri, kapangidwe ka benchi kamakhala kotsika, berm ndi yayikulu, ndipo ngodya yonse yotsetsereka imakhala yofewa. Mabenchi ogwidwa ndi ma berm oteteza amakulitsidwa kuti apirire kugwa kwa miyala. Dongosolo la "geotechnical domain" limagwiritsidwa ntchito kuonetsetsa kuti dera lililonse lili ndi geometry yosiyana kutengera mtundu wa miyala.
2) Kugawanitsa Magazi Pasadakhale, Kuwononga Moyenera, ndi Kulamulira Kugwedezeka
Kuphulika kosalamulirika kumawonjezera ming'alu ndi kuchepetsa kukhazikika kwa mtunda. Muzochitika zovuta kwambiri, kugawanika kwa nthaka, kudula mtunda, ndi kukonza ufa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zichepetse kuwonongeka. Kuyang'anira kugwedezeka (PPV) kumathandiza kusunga malire otetezeka a nyumba zotsetsereka ndi malo otsetsereka.
3) Kuchotsa Madzi Otsika ndi Kusamalira Madzi Pamwamba
Kutulutsa madzi pamwamba (minga, njira zopatukira madzi, maiwe a matope) kumachepetsa kulowa kwa madzi pansi pa nthaka. Pa madzi apansi panthaka, zitsime zochotsera madzi ndi ngalande zopingasa zimayikidwa kuti zichepetse kuthamanga kwa madzi ndi ma pore. M'malo olakwika, grouting ingachepetse kulowa kwa madzi ndikukhazikitsa thanthwe.
4) Kulimbitsa Mapiri: Rock Bolt, Cable Bolt, ndi Shotcrete
Ngakhale kuti ndi malo ofala kwambiri pansi pa nthaka, kulimbitsa malo otseguka kumagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'magawo ofunikira: mabotolo a miyala/mabotolo a chingwe, maukonde a waya, ma shotcrete, ndi zotchinga miyala m'malo omwe ali ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha kugwa kwa miyala, makamaka pafupi ndi misewu yonyamula katundu kapena malo ofunikira.
5) Njira Yochenjeza Anthu Osataya Madzi Kugwa
Kuyang'anira malo otsetsereka a radar kumatha kuzindikira mamilimita a mayendedwe ndikupereka machenjezo othawa. Mu geology yovuta kwambiri, dongosololi si lowonjezera, koma gawo lofunika kwambiri la ntchito.
Njira Zokumba Pansi pa Madzi Zothandizira pa Mavuto Aakulu
1) Dulani ndi Kudzaza (makamaka Kudzaza ndi Simenti)
Njira yodulira ndi kudzaza ndi yoyenera kwambiri miyala ndi miyala yofooka yokhala ndi ma geometri ovuta. Kukumba kumachitika pang'onopang'ono, kenako malo opanda kanthu amadzazidwa ndi simenti yodzaza phala kuti apereke chithandizo. Ubwino wake ndi monga kuwongolera bwino kukhazikika komanso kusinthasintha kwakukulu, ngakhale kuti mtengo pa tani nthawi zambiri umakhala wokwera.
2) Kutsetsereka ndi Kudzaza / Kudula ndi Kudzaza Mosasamala
Ngati denga lili lofooka kwambiri kapena pali chiopsezo choti lingagwe, kudula ndi kudzaza pansi pa denga kumalola kuti mgodi uchitike "pansi" pa denga lolimba, kuti ogwira ntchito atetezedwe ndi denga lolimba.
3) Kuyimitsa Pansi pa Gawo Lokhala ndi Backfill ndi Dilution Control
Kwa miyala yomwe ili ndi luso koma ili ndi mapangidwe oopsa osagwirizana, kuyimitsa pansi pa nthaka kungagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi malo osungiramo zinthu kuti pakhale bata m'deralo. Kuwongolera kusungunuka kwa madzi ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa malo olakwika angayambitse kusweka kwa madzi.
4) Kukonza Makoma a Block ndi Kasamalidwe Kokhwima ka Geomechanical
M'malo akuluakulu osungiramo zinthu, kuyika matabwa m'matanthwe kumapereka ndalama zochepa koma kumakhala ndi zoopsa zambiri m'malo ovuta kwambiri, makamaka komwe kuli zolakwika zazikulu, kupsinjika kwakukulu, kapena malo ovuta a hydrogeological. Kumafuna kapangidwe kolondola ka mapazi, kukonza bwino (kusweka kwa madzi kapena kuphulika), kuyang'anira kwambiri microseismic, ndi kuyang'anira pamwamba kuti zisagwe.
5) Thandizo Losinthika la Pansi: kuchokera ku Shotcrete kupita ku Thandizo Lopereka
Pakuya kwambiri, nthaka yofinya ndi rockburst imafuna njira zosiyanasiyana zolimbikitsira:
- Ulusi wa Shotcrete, maukonde a waya, ndi mabotolo a miyala kuti athandizire pamwamba.
- Maboluti a chingwe olimbikitsira miyala yozama.
- Maboluti kapena zinthu zina zomwe zimatha "kutulutsa" mphamvu zomwe zimatha kuyamwa mphamvu mu thanthwe.
- Kuchotsa kuphulika kapena kugwetsa kuti muchepetse kupsinjika maganizo.
Njira Zowonjezera Zogwirira Ntchito
Kuyang'anira Kupeza ndi Kukonza Zinthu
Pa malo ovuta kwambiri, kapangidwe ka misewu, kukhazikika kwa malo otsetsereka, komanso kukonza nthawi zonse ndikofunikira kwambiri. M'madera omwe kuli chipale chofewa kapena mvula yambiri, kuwongolera kukokoloka kwa nthaka ndi kutsetsereka kwa nthaka kuyenera kupangidwa kuyambira pachiyambi.
Kusintha kwa digito ndi kusinthasintha
Kugwiritsa ntchito makina obowola, ma LHD akutali, ma mapu a drones, ndi makina otumizira deta kumathandiza kuchepetsa kukhudzidwa kwa ogwira ntchito kumadera oopsa. Ma modelo awiri a digito ndi ofunikira kwambiri poyesa mapangidwe ndi mayankho adzidzidzi.
Kukonzekera Zadzidzidzi Potengera Zochitika
Kuchuluka kwa nthaka kumawonjezera mwayi wa zochitika zoopsa kwambiri: kulowa kwa madzi ambiri, kugwa, kugumuka kwa nthaka, kapena kuphulika kwa miyala. Mapulani othana ndi ngozi ayenera kukhala olunjika: njira zotulutsira anthu, mauthenga apansi pa nthaka, kutseka malo okhazikika, ndi kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi nthawi zonse.
Mavuto a Zachilengedwe ndi Zachikhalidwe
Kukumba migodi m'malo ovuta kwambiri nthawi zambiri kumachitika pafupi ndi madera ovuta: mitsinje, mapiri, kapena malo ofooka. Mfundo yake ndi kuchepetsa kufalikira kwa migodi kudzera mu kapangidwe kokhazikika ka zinyalala, kuyang'anira madzi otayira zinyalala m'migodi ya asidi (ngati miyalayo ili ndi asidi), komanso kukonzanso pang'onopang'ono. Kulankhulana momveka bwino ndi anthu ammudzi ndi omwe akukhudzidwa ndikofunikira chifukwa zoopsa za geotechnical zimatha kukhudza madera omwe ali kunja kwa migodi.
Kutseka
Mfundo ndi njira zogwirira ntchito m'migodi m'malo ovuta kwambiri a nthaka zimayang'ana pa chinthu chimodzi: kuyang'anira zoopsa kudzera mu deta, kapangidwe kosamala, kuwongolera madzi, kulimbikitsa bwino, ndi kuyang'anira nthawi yeniyeni komwe kumaphatikizidwa ndi njira zoyankhira mwachangu. Migodi yonse yotseguka komanso yapansi panthaka imatha kugwira ntchito mosamala m'malo ovuta kwambiri ngati kayendetsedwe ka geotechnical ndiko maziko opanga zisankho, osati ntchito yothandizira yokha. Ndi kuphatikiza kwa uinjiniya wokhazikika komanso ukadaulo wamakono, ntchito zamigodi zitha kukhalabe zopindulitsa pamene zikusunga chitetezo cha ogwira ntchito komanso kukhazikika kwa chilengedwe.
