Momwe Mungachepetsere Kuphatikizika kwa Zinthu mu Casting
Mu kuponyera zitsulo, ubwino wa kuponyera umadalira kwambiri ukhondo wa chitsulo chosungunuka ndi kukhazikika kwa njira yothira. Chimodzi mwa zolakwika zomwe zimawononga ubwino wa zinthu zopangidwa ndi zitsulo ndi zophatikizidwa. Zophatikizidwa zimatha kukhala tinthu tosakhala chitsulo tomwe timagwidwa mkati mwa chitsulo (monga ma oxides, mchenga, slag, kapena tinthu tosagwira ntchito) kapena thovu la mpweya lomwe limapanga zolakwika ngati zophatikizidwa. Kupezeka kwa zophatikizidwa kumachepetsa mphamvu zamakina, kumayambitsa kutuluka kwa madzi, kumaipitsa zotsatira za makina, komanso kumakhala poyambira ming'alu pamene zigawozo zikukhudzidwa ndi katundu wosinthasintha. Chifukwa chake, kumvetsetsa magwero a zophatikizidwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zodzitetezera kuyambira kusungunuka mpaka kulimba ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti zichepetse mapangidwe awo.
1. Kumvetsetsa magwero a kuphatikiza
Gawo loyamba ndikudziwa komwe zinthu zomwe zaphatikizidwazo zimachokera. Kawirikawiri, zinthu zomwe zaphatikizidwa mu zinthu zopangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zopangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zopangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zina zimachokera ku magwero angapo akuluakulu:
1. Kusungunuka kwa chitsulo chosungunuka chifukwa cha kukhudzana kwambiri ndi mpweya panthawi yotenthetsera, kusakaniza, kapena kutsanulira. Okisidi wopangidwayo amatha kusweka n’kukhala tinthu tating’onoting’ono ndikulendewera.
2. Chinyezi chopangidwa kuchokera ku zomwe zimachitika pakati pa zinthu za alloy ndi mpweya, komanso kuchokera ku flux yomwe siinalekanitsidwe kwathunthu.
3. Mchenga woumba umawonongeka chifukwa cha kuyenda kwa chitsulo movutikira kwambiri, mphamvu yochepa ya mchenga, kapena kapangidwe kosayenera ka malo olowera.
4. Tinthu tomwe timayamwa mpweya kuchokera ku zophikira, malezala, kapena zophimba za uvuni zomwe zadulidwa chifukwa cha kutentha ndi kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala.
5. Kuipitsidwa kwa zinthu zopangira monga dzimbiri, zinyalala zamafuta, kapena zosakanizidwa ndi zinthu zopanda chitsulo.
6. Mpweya wosungunuka (hayidrojeni mu aluminiyamu, nayitrogeni/okisijeni mu chitsulo) womwe ungapangitse ma porosity ndi zolakwika zamkati—nthawi zambiri umaonedwa ngati “zophatikiza” chifukwa cha momwe zimakhudzira khalidwe.
Ndi mapu omveka bwino a komwe kwachokera vutoli, njira zodzitetezera zitha kupangidwa bwino kwambiri.
2. Kuyang'anira zipangizo zopangira ndi kuyeretsa zolipirira
Zinthu zomwe zimapezeka nthawi zambiri zimachokera ku zinthu zopanda ukhondo. Chifukwa chake:
- Gwiritsani ntchito zinyalala zabwino kwambiri zomwe zili ndi dzimbiri lochepa, utoto, mafuta, ndi dothi. Zodetsa zachilengedwe zimatha kupanga mpweya ndikuwonjezera kupanga kwa matope.
- Tenthetsani zidutswa zina kuti muchepetse chinyezi—makamaka chofunika ndi aluminiyamu, chifukwa madzi amatha kuwonjezera haidrojeni.
- Konzani kulekanitsa zitsulo ndi zitsulo zosakaniza. Kusakaniza zinyalala kosalamulirika kungayambitse zotsatira zosafunikira ndikuwonjezera kupanga kwa zinyalala.
- Chitani zinthu mosamala kwambiri: malo osungiramo zinthu zosungunuka ndi zotenthetsera ayenera kukhala ouma komanso opanda fumbi/mchenga.
3. Kukonza bwino njira yosungunulira: kuchepetsa okosijeni ndi slag
Pakusungunuka, chitsulo chosungunuka chimakhala chosavuta kusungunuka. Njira zina zofunika:
- Sinthani kutentha kwa kusungunuka kuti kusakwere kwambiri. Kutentha kwambiri kumathandizira kuti okosijeni ayambe kugwira ntchito ndipo kumawonjezera zinyalala/matope.
– Chepetsani nthawi yosungira zinthu kutentha kwambiri. Chitsulo chosungunuka chikawonekera kwa nthawi yayitali, mwayi woti chitsulocho chiwonjezeke umakhala waukulu.
- Gwiritsani ntchito chotulutsira/chophimba choyenera mtundu wa chitsulo (monga aluminiyamu) kuti muteteze pamwamba pa chitsulo chosungunuka ku mpweya ndikuthandizira kuti zinyalala zigwirizane kuti zichotsedwe mosavuta.
– Chitani zochotsa zinyalala molondola: chotsukira chiyenera kukhala choyera, choyenda bwino, komanso chosasuntha chitsulo kuti zinyalala zisasakanikirane.
– Pa zinthu zina zosungunulira, ganizirani kusungunuka mumlengalenga wolamulidwa kapena kuteteza mpweya wopanda mpweya, ngakhale izi zimadalira kukula ndi mtengo wopangira.
4. Kuchita kuchotsa mpweya ndi kuyeretsa zitsulo zosungunuka
Mu zitsulo zina, zinthu zomwe zili mkati mwake zimagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi mpweya wosungunuka. Chitsanzo chodziwika kwambiri ndi aluminiyamu yokhala ndi haidrojeni. Njira zodziwika bwino ndi izi:
– Kuchotsa gasi kumagwiritsa ntchito mpweya wopanda mphamvu (argon/nayitrogeni) kudzera mu chotsukira gasi chozungulira kapena chodulira kuti achotse haidrojeni ndikuthandizira kuyandama tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta oxide.
- Kugwiritsa ntchito mapiritsi a degasser/flux ngati zipangizo zili zochepa, ndi kuwongolera mwamphamvu kuti zotsalira za flux zisakhale gwero la zinthu zatsopano.
– Ikani zosefera zachitsulo chamadzimadzi (monga zosefera za thovu la ceramic pa aluminiyamu) kuti mugwire ma oxide ndi tinthu tosakhala tachitsulo tisanalowe m'bowo la nkhungu. Kusefera nthawi zambiri ndi njira imodzi yothandiza kwambiri yochepetsera zinthu zomwe zili mkati, makamaka pazinthu zomwe zili ndi zofunikira zapamwamba.
5. Kukonza mbale, mtanda woonda komanso wosagwira ntchito
Kuwonongeka kwa denga kapena chophikira kungayambitse kuti tinthu tosalimba tizinyamulidwa panthawi yothira.
- Yesani nthawi zonse kuwunika ming'alu, kusweka, kapena kusweka kwa zinthu zotsalira.
- Gwiritsani ntchito zinthu zotetezera zomwe zimagwirizana ndi mtundu wa chitsulo ndi madzi omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito; zochita za mankhwala zimatha kufulumizitsa kuwonongeka.
- Onetsetsani kuti ziwiya ndi zida zolumikizirana ndi zitsulo zili zouma komanso zotenthedwa bwino kuti nthunzi isaphulike komanso kuchepetsa kuzizira komwe kungawonjezere kugwedezeka panthawi yothira.
- Pewani kusuntha kwambiri mukanyamula chikho, chifukwa mayendedwe adzidzidzi amatha kusunthanso chidebecho.
6. Pangani njira yolumikizira ma geti kuti madzi aziyenda bwino
Zinthu zambiri zomwe zimalowa m'chibowo cha nkhungu chifukwa cha kuyenda kwa chitsulo chosasunthika, chomwe chimawononga mchenga ndikukoka ma oxide pamwamba pa chitsulocho. Mfundo yayikulu yopangira ma geti kuti muchepetse zinthu zomwe zimalowa m'chibowocho ndikupanga kuyenda kosalala, kokhazikika, komanso kolamulidwa.
Njira zina zodziwika bwino:
- Gwiritsani ntchito zitsime za sprue ndi mapangidwe a sprue omwe amachepetsa zotsatira za "kutulutsa mpweya" ndi kupopera madzi.
- Lumikizani madzi kuti asagwe momasuka kuchokera pamalo okwera kwambiri; kugwa kwaulere kumawonjezera kugwedezeka ndi kusungunuka kwa okosijeni.
- Ikani zowonjezera zothamanga ndi misewu yodulira kuti mugwire tinthu ta slag tisanafike pa ingate.
– Gwiritsani ntchito kuchuluka koyenera (kuchuluka ndi kukula) kuti mudzaze nkhunguyo pamlingo wokwanira popanda kuwononga mchenga.
- Nthawi zina, gwiritsani ntchito kutsekereza pansi kapena kuthira kuchokera pansi kuti muchepetse kupangika kwa filimu ya oxide ndi kugwedezeka.
7. Kuwongolera khalidwe la nkhungu ndi pakati
Kuphatikizika kwa mchenga nthawi zambiri kumachitika chifukwa cha kukokoloka kapena kusweka kwa zinthu zomwe zakhudzidwa. Kuti muchepetse chiopsezo:
- Onetsetsani kuti mphamvu ya mchenga (mphamvu yobiriwira/kukhazikika) ndi yokwanira komanso yofanana.
- Yang'anirani kuchuluka kwa chinyezi mumchenga woumba. Kuchuluka kwa chinyezi kungayambitse mpweya ndi zolakwika pamwamba, pomwe kuchepa kwa chinyezi kumachepetsa mgwirizano.
- Gwiritsani ntchito chotsukira/chotsukira chopanda mphamvu m'malo omwe chitsulo chimatha kuwola.
- Konzani bwino komanso kulimba kwa pakati pa chinthu ndikuwonetsetsa kuti njira yowumitsa ndi chomangira zinthu zili bwino kuti pakati pa chinthucho pasagwe.
- Kapangidwe kabwino kotulutsira mpweya kuti muchepetse kupanikizika kwa mpweya komwe kungayambitse kuphulika kwa nkhungu pamwamba.
8. Njira yothira: njira yogwirira ntchito pa malo opangira zinthu
Ngakhale mutapanga bwino, kutsanulira madzi molakwika kungayambitsenso mavuto owonjezera.
- Sungani kutalika kwa kuthira madzi kukhala kotsika momwe mungathere popanda kusokoneza mwayi wolowera komanso chitetezo.
– Thirani pa liwiro lokhazikika, popanda kusokoneza. Kuthira molakwika kumawonjezera kugwedezeka ndi kukhuthala.
– Pewani kuthira slag: onetsetsani kuti pamwamba pa slag ndi paukhondo ndipo gwiritsani ntchito njira yoti "igwedezeke" yomwe siikukoka slag.
- Kuwongolera kutentha kwa kuthira malinga ndi malangizo a alloy: kutentha kwambiri kumawonjezera ma oxides, kuzizira kwambiri kumawonjezera chiopsezo cha kusokonekera kwa ntchito ndipo kumatha kutseka zinthu zomwe zakhudzidwa chifukwa cha kuuma msanga.
9. Kuziziritsa ndi kuzizira: thandizani zinthu zoyandama
Mu machitidwe ena, zinthu zomwe zili mkati mwake zimatha kuyandama chitsulo chisanaume. Njira zomwe zingathandize:
– Pangani chokwerera ndi madzi kuti zinyalala zisunthire kudera lomwe "lingathe kuwonongedwa" (monga chokwerera kapena kusefukira).
- Gwiritsani ntchito zosefera ndi zodzaza ngati malo osonkhanitsira zinthu.
- Yang'anirani kuchuluka kwa kutentha kuti kukhale kolimba mbali zonse. Kulimba mbali zonse ziwiri kumachepetsa mwayi woti zinthu zomwe zili mkati mwake zigwidwe m'dera lofunika kwambiri.
10. Kuyang'anira, kuyesa ndi kusintha kosalekeza
Kuchepetsa kuphatikizidwa si ntchito yochitika kamodzi kokha. Imafuna mayankho ozikidwa pa deta:
- Chitani kusanthula zolakwika: kudula zitsanzo, kupukuta kwakukulu, kapena metallography kuti mudziwe mtundu wa zomwe zaphatikizidwa (oxide, mchenga, slag, refractory).
- Yesani mayeso a NDT monga x-ray (RT) kapena ultrasound (UT) pazinthu zofunika kwambiri.
- Yang'anirani magawo a njira: kutentha, nthawi yosungira, mtundu wa flux, mulingo wochotsa mpweya, ndi momwe fyuluta ilili.
- Kukhazikitsa miyezo ya ntchito ndi maphunziro a ogwira ntchito—popeza kusiyana kwa machitidwe a m'munda nthawi zambiri kumakhala chifukwa chachikulu cha kusagwirizana kwa khalidwe.
Mapeto
Kuphatikizika kwa zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito mu zinthu zotayidwa kungachepetsedwe pogwiritsa ntchito njira yokwanira: kuyambira kusankha zinthu zopangira ndi kuyeretsa, kulamulira kusungunuka kuti kuchepetse kukhuthala ndi matope, kuchotsa mpweya ndi kusefa, kuchiza zinthu zosagwira ntchito, kapangidwe ka magati komwe kumachepetsa kugwedezeka, mpaka kutsanulira zinthu ndi kuwongolera khalidwe la nkhungu. Pamene njira zonsezi zikuchitidwa ndikuyang'aniridwa nthawi zonse ndi deta yowunikira, kutayidwa komwe kumachitika kudzakhala ndi ukhondo wabwino wamkati, makhalidwe abwino a makina, komanso kuchepetsa mitengo yokana ndi ndalama zopangira. Mwanjira ina, kuwongolera zinthu zophatikizidwa ndi ndalama mwachindunji pakudalirika kwa zinthu zotayidwa m'munda.
Ngati mukufuna, nditha kusintha nkhaniyi kuti igwirizane ndi mitundu yeniyeni ya zitsulo (aluminiyamu, chitsulo chosungunuka, chitsulo chosungunuka) ndikuwonjezera zitsanzo za mapangidwe a gating/sefa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mumakampani.
