Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ma Organophosphate Compounds
Ma compound a Organophosphate ndi gulu la mankhwala omwe ali ndi atomu ya phosphorous (P) yolumikizidwa ku gulu la organic (lokhala ndi kaboni). Gululi limadziwika kwambiri chifukwa cha ntchito yake yofunika kwambiri paulimi, thanzi la anthu, komanso mafakitale. Kumbali imodzi, organophosphates zimathandiza kukulitsa zokolola za chakudya kudzera mu kuletsa tizilombo. Kumbali ina, organophosphates zina zimakhala zoopsa kwambiri kwa anthu ndi chilengedwe zikagwiritsidwa ntchito mosasamala. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za kugwiritsa ntchito organophosphates, ubwino wake, ndi zoopsa zake komanso njira zofunika zowongolera.
Kodi mankhwala a organophosphate ndi chiyani?
Kawirikawiri, ma organophosphates amaphatikizapo zinthu zosiyanasiyana zochokera ku phosphoric, phosphonic, ndi phosphorothioic acid, zomwe zimakhala ndi kusintha kwa kapangidwe kake komwe kumakhudza mphamvu zawo zakuthupi komanso za poizoni. Ma organophosphates ambiri amagwira ntchito pokhudza dongosolo la mitsempha ya zamoyo, makamaka kudzera mu kuletsa enzyme ya acetylcholinesterase. Enzyme iyi imaphwanya acetylcholine, neurotransmitter yomwe imatumiza mauthenga kudzera mu mitsempha. Enzyme ikaletsedwa, acetylcholine imasonkhanitsa ndikuyambitsa kusokonekera kwa ntchito ya mitsempha, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatha kupangitsa kuti munthu apume.
Ngakhale kuti njira imeneyi nthawi zambiri imagwirizanitsidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a organophosphate, si ma organophosphate onse omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Ena amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati zosungunulira, zowonjezera, zopukutira pulasitiki, ndi zosakaniza mu njira zopangira mankhwala.
Kugwiritsa ntchito organophosphates mu ulimi
Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri organophosphates ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupha kapena kulamulira tizilombo toononga. Kuyambira pakati pa zaka za m'ma 20, organophosphates akhala njira ina m'malo mwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo okhazikika a organochlorine m'chilengedwe. Organophosphates nthawi zambiri imawonongeka mofulumira kuposa organochlorines zina, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zotsalira zachilengedwe zichepe ngati zitayang'aniridwa bwino.
Mu ulimi, organophosphates amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa:
1. Lawani tizilombo toyamwa masamba ndi tsinde monga mbozi, nsabwe za m'masamba, ndi tizilombo toyamwa.
2. Kuteteza zokolola za zakudya (mpunga, chimanga), ulimi wa ndiwo zamasamba (masamba, zipatso), ndi minda (khofi, koko).
3. Kuchepetsa kutayika kwa zinthu zaulimi pambuyo pokolola, ngakhale kuti kugwiritsa ntchito m'derali kukukulirakulira chifukwa cha mavuto a zotsalira.
Ubwino waukulu wa organophosphates mu ulimi ndi wakuti amagwira ntchito bwino polimbana ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana komanso kuchepetsa msanga kuchuluka kwa tizilombo. Komabe, vuto lalikulu limabwera chifukwa cha kukula kwa kukana tizilombo ngati titagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza popanda kusinthasintha zosakaniza zogwira ntchito ndikukhazikitsa Integrated Pest Management (IPM).
Gwiritsani ntchito pa zaumoyo wa anthu onse
Kupatula ulimi, organophosphates imagwiritsidwanso ntchito poletsa matenda, monga udzudzu womwe umanyamula malungo a dengue, malungo, kapena filariasis. Pakabuka matenda, mankhwala ophera tizilombo angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati utsi kapena kupopera mankhwala otsala m'malo enaake.
Ngakhale kuti ndi yothandiza, kugwiritsa ntchito m'malo okhala anthu kumafuna kusamala kwambiri chifukwa cha kuthekera kwa anthu kukumana ndi vutoli, makamaka magulu ovutikira monga makanda, ana, amayi apakati, ndi okalamba. Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsa ntchito kuyenera kutsatira malangizo ovomerezeka, mlingo woyenera, komanso njira zodzitetezera.
Kugwiritsa ntchito organophosphates m'makampani
Kupatula mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mankhwala angapo a organophosphate amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale , kuphatikizapo:
- Zowonjezera mafuta zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito igwire bwino ntchito komanso kuti isatenthe.
- Zinthu zoletsa moto mu zinthu zina za polima.
- Chopangira pulasitiki kuti chiwonjezere kusinthasintha kwa pulasitiki.
- Zopangira mankhwala popanga mankhwala ena, kuphatikizapo zosakaniza zamankhwala ndi ma reagents apadera.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mafakitale kumeneku sikuti nthawi zonse kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi njira zoletsa acetylcholinesterase, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Komabe, kuwunika chitetezo ndikofunikirabe chifukwa ma organophosphates ena amakampani amatha kukhala okwiyitsa, oopsa, kapena omwe angakhudze chilengedwe.
Zoopsa pa thanzi chifukwa cha kukhudzana ndi organophosphate
Kukhudzidwa ndi organophosphates kungachitike kudzera mu kupuma, kukhudzana ndi khungu, kapena kumeza. Chiwopsezocho chimadalira kwambiri mtundu wa mankhwala, kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa, nthawi yomwe akumwa, komanso thanzi la munthu.
Zizindikiro za kufalikira kwadzidzidzi zingaphatikizepo:
- mutu, chizungulire, nseru, kusanza
- thukuta kwambiri, malovu ambiri
- kupuma movutikira, chifuwa, kupweteka pachifuwa
- kusawona bwino, khunyu m'matenda oopsa
Ngati matendawa afalikira kwambiri, matendawa amatha kupitirira mpaka kulephera kupuma komwe kungawononge moyo. Pakadali pano, kuwonekera nthawi yayitali (kubwerezabwereza pang'ono kwa nthawi yayitali) kumakhalabe vuto chifukwa kumatha kugwirizanitsidwa ndi matenda amitsempha, kusokonezeka kwa chidwi, ndi zotsatira zina pa thanzi, ngakhale umboni ndi kuchuluka kwa chiopsezo zingasiyane pa mankhwala aliwonse.
Chifukwa chake, ogwira ntchito omwe nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a organophosphate—monga alimi, opopera mankhwala, ogwira ntchito m'nyumba zosungiramo mankhwala ophera tizilombo—amafunika maphunziro a chitetezo ndi kuwunika thanzi lawo nthawi zonse ngati n'kotheka.
Zotsatira za chilengedwe ndi chitetezo cha chakudya
Mu chilengedwe, ma organophosphates amatha kuipitsa nthaka ndi madzi kudzera mu kugwiritsa ntchito mopitirira muyeso, kutaya zinyalala mosayenera, kapena madzi otuluka m'malo olimapo nthawi yamvula. Mankhwalawa amatha kukhudza zamoyo zomwe sizili m'malo ofunikira monga tizilombo tomwe timayamwa mungu, nsomba, ndi zamoyo zina zam'madzi.
Pankhani ya chitetezo cha chakudya, zotsalira za organophosphate muzinthu zaulimi ndi nkhani yofunika kwambiri. Malamulo nthawi zambiri amakhazikitsa Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) kuti atsimikizire kuti chakudya chili chotetezeka kudya. Kusunga nthawi yokolola musanayambe kupopera ndikofunikira kuti zotsalirazo zifike pamlingo woyenera.
Mfundo zogwiritsira ntchito mosamala komanso moyenera
Kuti mupeze ubwino wa organophosphates popanda kuwononga kwambiri, mfundo zotsatirazi ndizofunikira:
1. Tsatirani chizindikiro ndi mlingo woyenera.
Musawonjezere mlingo poganiza kuti zotsatira zake ndi zabwino. Kumwa mopitirira muyeso kumawonjezera chiopsezo cha poizoni ndi zotsalira.
2. Gwiritsani ntchito zida zodzitetezera (PPE)
Zocheperako zikuphatikizapo magolovesi, chigoba/chopumira choyenera, zovala zoteteza maso, shati la manja aatali, ndi nsapato zotsekedwa.
3. Samalani ndi komwe mphepo ikupita komanso momwe nyengo ilili
Kupopera madzi pakakhala mphepo yamphamvu kumawonjezera kusunthika (kotengedwa ndi mphepo) kupita kumadera ena, kuphatikizapo magwero a madzi kapena malo okhala.
4. Sungani ndi kutaya phukusi bwino
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo ayenera kusungidwa kutali ndi chakudya komanso kutali ndi ana. Mapaketi sayenera kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ndipo ayenera kutayidwa malinga ndi malamulo am'deralo.
5. Kukhazikitsa Kasamalidwe ka Zilombo Kogwirizana (IPM)
Ikani patsogolo kuyang'anira tizilombo, kusinthana kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, kugwiritsa ntchito adani achilengedwe, ndi njira zolima zomwe zimaletsa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi njira yomaliza ndipo ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosankha.
6. Maphunziro ndi maphunziro a ogwiritsa ntchito
Zochitika zambiri za poizoni zimachitika chifukwa cha kusowa kwa chidziwitso. Maphunziro okhudza kusakaniza, kupopera, ndi thandizo loyamba ndi othandiza kwambiri.
Malangizo a ndondomeko ndi njira zina
M'maiko ambiri, malamulo okhudza organophosphates akukhala okhwima. Zosakaniza zina zogwira ntchito zaletsedwa kapena kuletsedwa chifukwa cha nkhawa zokhudzana ndi thanzi ndi chilengedwe. Nthawi yomweyo, kafukufuku akupita patsogolo ku mankhwala ophera tizilombo osankhidwa bwino, mankhwala otetezeka, komanso njira zosagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala monga kulamulira zachilengedwe, misampha ya pheromone, ndi mitundu ya zomera zosagwira tizilombo.
Komabe, kusintha kwa njira zina kumafuna thandizo la mfundo, mwayi wopeza ukadaulo, ndi upangiri kwa alimi kuti apewe kuchepa kwa zokolola. Mwachizolowezi, kugwiritsa ntchito organophosphate kumapitirirabe chifukwa cha mtengo wake wokwera, kupezeka kwake, komanso kugwira ntchito bwino.
Mapeto
Mankhwala a Organophosphate amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri, makamaka poletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi matenda a ulimi, komanso m'mafakitale angapo. Ngakhale kuti ubwino wawo ndi womveka bwino pothandizira kupanga chakudya ndi thanzi la anthu, alinso ndi zoopsa zazikulu ngati atapezeka ndi mankhwala osalamulirika. Chofunika kwambiri ndikugwiritsa ntchito mlingo woyenera, kugwiritsa ntchito PPE yoyenera, kutsatira nthawi yodikira, ndikugwiritsa ntchito IPM kuti muchepetse kudalira mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Ndi njira yodalirika komanso malamulo amphamvu, organophosphates ingagwiritsidwe ntchito mosamala kwambiri pamene ikuteteza anthu ndi chilengedwe.
