Mitundu ya Maantibayotiki a Matenda a Dzino
Matenda a mano ndi vuto lofala la thanzi lomwe lingayambitse kupweteka kwambiri, kutupa, mpweya woipa m'kamwa, komanso kutentha thupi. Matendawa nthawi zambiri amayamba ndi mabowo osachiritsidwa, kutupa kwa mkamwa, mizu ya mano yomwe yakhudzidwa, kapena zilonda (matumba a mafinya) ozungulira dzino ndi minofu yake. Nthawi zambiri, chithandizo chachikulu cha matenda a mano si maantibayotiki , koma njira zochizira mano monga kuyeretsa komwe kwachokera matendawa, kuchiza mizu ya dzino, kutulutsa madzi m'thupi, kapena kuchotsa mano. Komabe, maantibayotiki angafunike ngati matendawa afalikira, akugwirizana ndi zizindikiro za thupi, kapena wodwalayo ali ndi matenda enaake omwe amawonjezera chiopsezo cha mavuto.
Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mitundu ya maantibayotiki omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa matenda a mano, nthawi yomwe amaperekedwa nthawi zambiri, komanso mfundo zofunika kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito bwino komanso motetezeka.
Kodi Matenda a Dzino Amafunika Liti Mankhwala Oletsa Kutupa?
Si matenda onse a mano omwe amafunika maantibayotiki. Maantibayotiki amagwira ntchito motsutsana ndi mabakiteriya, kotero ndi othandiza ngati pali kachilombo koyambitsa mabakiteriya komwe kakufalikira. Madokotala a mano nthawi zambiri amaganizira za maantibayotiki ngati:
1. Kutupa kumafalikira mpaka m'masaya, m'chibwano, kapena m'khosi.
2. Malungo, kufooka, kapena zizindikiro za matenda opatsirana m'thupi.
3. Matumbo otupa kwambiri kapena ovuta kutsegula (trismus).
4. Kukulitsa ma lymph nodes ndi ululu mukameza.
5. Matenda ofooka a chitetezo chamthupi, mwachitsanzo odwala matenda enaake kapena omwe akulandira chithandizo choletsa chitetezo chamthupi.
Pa milandu ya ululu chifukwa cha mabowo osafalikira kutupa, madokotala nthawi zambiri amayang'ana kwambiri chithandizo chapafupi (zodzaza, chithandizo cha mizu ya m'mimba) ndi kuchepetsa ululu, m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito maantibayotiki.
1. Penicillin (Penicillin V)
Penicillin V ndi mankhwala opha tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa matenda a mkamwa chifukwa ndi othandiza kwambiri polimbana ndi mabakiteriya omwe amayambitsa matenda a m'mano. Ubwino wake ndi monga kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali komanso mtengo wake wotsika.
Komabe, penicillin si nthawi zonse yogwira ntchito chifukwa mabakiteriya ena akamwa amatha kupanga ma enzyme omwe amachititsa kuti isagwire ntchito bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, anthu ena ali ndi vuto la penicillin, zomwe zimafuna njira zina.
Kugwiritsa ntchito konsekonse: matenda a mano ocheperako mpaka apakati, makamaka ngati palibe kukayika kuti manowo ndi olimba.
2. Amoxicillin
Amoxicillin ndi ya gulu la penicillin lomwe lili ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana kuposa Penicillin V. Madokotala ambiri a mano amasankha amoxicillin chifukwa imayamwa bwino komanso imagwira ntchito motsutsana ndi mabakiteriya ambiri omwe amayambitsa matenda a mano.
Kawirikawiri, amoxicillin nthawi zambiri imakhala chisankho choyamba kwa odwala omwe alibe ziwengo komanso omwe ali ndi matenda omwe amafuna maantibayotiki.
Ubwino: yothandiza, yopezeka paliponse, yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito.
Dziwani: sichili choyenera kwa odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la penicillin.
3. Amoxicillin–Clavulanate (Amoxicillin–Clavulanate)
Kuphatikiza kwa amoxicillin ndi clavulanic acid kumathandiza kuchiza mabakiteriya omwe amapanga beta-lactamase (enzyme yomwe imatha "kuletsa" maantibayotiki ena). Chifukwa chake, amoxicillin–clavulanate nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa matenda oopsa, obwerezabwereza, kapena matenda omwe akuganiziridwa kuti sakugonjetsedwa ndi amoxicillin wamba.
Kugwiritsa ntchito kofala: zilonda zoopsa, kufalitsa matenda, kapena milandu yomwe siikuchira ndi maantibayotiki oyamba.
Zotsatirapo zomwe zingachitike: matenda am'mimba monga nseru kapena kutsegula m'mimba nthawi zambiri kuposa amoxicillin yokha.
4. Clindamycin
Clindamycin nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira ina yothandizira odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la penicillin. Mankhwala opha tizilombo amenewa amagwira ntchito polimbana ndi mabakiteriya ambiri omwe alibe mpweya (mabakiteriya omwe amakula popanda mpweya) omwe nthawi zambiri amakhudza matenda a mano ndi zilonda.
Ngakhale kuti clindamycin ndi yothandiza, imabweretsa nkhawa chifukwa imatha kuwonjezera chiopsezo cha kutsegula m'mimba kwambiri komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha matenda a Clostridioides difficile mwa anthu ena. Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kuyenera kutsatiridwa mosamala malinga ndi zomwe dokotala wanena komanso zomwe walemba.
Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri: odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la penicillin, matuza odontogenic, matenda a minofu yofewa yozungulira mano.
5. Metronidazole (Metronidazole)
Metronidazole ndi yothandiza kwambiri polimbana ndi mabakiteriya osagwira ntchito, omwe nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'matenda ozama a mano ndi m'kamwa. Komabe, metronidazole nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito osati yokha, koma pamodzi ndi amoxicillin kapena penicillin ngati matendawa akuganiziridwa kuti akuphatikizapo mabakiteriya osakanikirana ndi osagwira ntchito.
Kugwiritsa ntchito kofala: zilonda za mano, matenda ena a mano, kapena mankhwala osakaniza matenda oopsa.
Chofunika: Metronidazole siilimbikitsidwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mowa chifukwa ingayambitse zotsatira zosasangalatsa (nseru, kusanza, ndi kugunda kwa mtima). Tsatirani malangizo a dokotala wanu okhudza zotsutsana zilizonse.
6. Macrolides: Azithromycin ndi Erythromycin
Mankhwala a Macrolide monga azithromycin ndi erythromycin angakhalenso njira ina kwa odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la penicillin. Azithromycin nthawi zambiri amasankhidwa chifukwa ali ndi nthawi yabwino yoperekera mlingo ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zotsatirapo zochepa m'mimba kuposa erythromycin.
Komabe, mabakiteriya ena akamwa amaonetsa kukana kwa macrolides, kotero dokotala adzaganizira momwe zinthu zilili komanso mbiri ya kugwiritsa ntchito maantibayotiki kale.
Kugwiritsa ntchito kofala: njira ina yochizira ziwengo za penicillin, matenda ena ofatsa mpaka apakati.
7. Cephalosporins (Cephalosporins)
Madokotala ena a mano angapereke mankhwala a cephalosporins (monga cephalexin) pa matenda a mano, makamaka ngati wodwalayo alibe vuto lalikulu la penicillin. Mankhwala amtunduwu amagwirizana ndi penicillin, kotero ngati pali vuto lalikulu la ziwengo (monga anaphylactic reactions), kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kuyenera kupewedwa kapena kuganiziridwa mosamala, malinga ndi zomwe dokotala wanena.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mosiyanasiyana: njira ina nthawi zina, makamaka matenda ofatsa mpaka apakati.
Mfundo Yofunika: Mankhwala Opha Majeremusi Sali M'malo mwa Chisamaliro cha Mano
Mankhwala opha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda angathandize kuchepetsa kukula kwa mabakiteriya ndikuchepetsa kufalikira kwa matenda, koma sachotsa chomwe chimayambitsa vutoli, monga dzenje lakuya, minofu yakufa, kapena thumba lomwe likufunika kutuluka madzi. Popanda chithandizo chokhazikika, matendawa amatha kubwereranso maantibayotiki akatha.
Njira zochizira mano zomwe zimafunika nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo:
- Chithandizo cha mizu ya dzino kuti muyeretse matenda omwe ali mkati mwa dzino
- Kutulutsa madzi otuluka m'mimba kuti muchotse mafinya
- Kutsuka mano ndi kusamalira chingamu ngati gwero lake ndi mano a mano
- Kuchotsa dzino ngati silingathe kupulumutsidwanso
Momwe Mungagwiritsire Ntchito Maantibayotiki Mosamala
Kuti maantibayotiki agwire ntchito bwino osati kuyambitsa mavuto ena, samalani izi:
1. Imwani monga mwalangizidwira (mlingo ndi nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito siziyenera kusinthidwa nokha).
2. Malizitsani kumwa maantibayotiki pokhapokha ngati dokotala wanu wakuuzani kuti musiye chifukwa cha zotsatirapo zina.
3. Musagwiritse ntchito maantibayotiki otsala omwe mudadwala kale.
4. Nenani za ziwengo zilizonse za mankhwala, makamaka penicillin kapena cephalosporin.
5. Yang'anirani zizindikiro za zotsatirapo zoyipa monga kupuma movutikira, kufalikira kwa ziphuphu, kutupa kwa nkhope, kapena kutsegula m'mimba kwambiri—funani thandizo lachipatala nthawi yomweyo.
6. Musachedwetse ntchito ya mano: maantibayotiki nthawi zambiri amakhala ngati "mlatho" chithandizo chachikulu chisanachitike.
Kodi Muyenera Kupita kwa Dokotala Kapena Chipinda Chodzidzimutsa Nthawi Iti?
Funani thandizo nthawi yomweyo ngati mukukumana ndi izi:
- Kutupa kumawonjezeka mwachangu pankhope/pakhosi
- Kuvuta kupuma kapena kumeza
- Pakamwa pamakhala povuta kutsegula
- Malungo aakulu, kuzizira, kapena kufooka kowonjezereka
- Ululu waukulu womwe suchira ndi mankhwala
Matenda a mano ofalikira akhoza kukhala oopsa ngati sanachiritsidwe.
Kutseka
Mitundu yodziwika bwino ya maantibayotiki opatsirana mano ndi monga penicillin (Penicillin V), amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, clindamycin, metronidazole, macrolides (azithromycin/erythromycin), ndi cephalosporins nthawi zina. Kusankha maantibayotiki kumadalira kuopsa kwa matendawa, mtundu wa mabakiteriya womwe ukuganiziridwa, ziwengo zilizonse, komanso thanzi la wodwalayo.
Chofunika kwambiri, maantibayotiki ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito monga momwe dokotala kapena dokotala wa mano wanenera, pamodzi ndi chithandizo cha komwe kwayambitsa matendawa. Ndi chisamaliro choyenera komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala mosamala, matenda a mano amatha kuchiritsidwa mosamala komanso mwachangu, kupewa mavuto.
Ngati mukufuna, nditha kusintha nkhaniyi kuti ikhale "yodziwika" kwambiri pa blog yazaumoyo, kapena "yasayansi" yokhala ndi maumboni komanso kalembedwe kofanana ndi ka magazini.
