Ukadaulo Wapamwamba wa Sitima Zapamadzi
Pegantar
Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20, sitima zapamadzi zakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa mphamvu yapamadzi padziko lonse lapansi. Kuyambira zida zobisika zofufuzira mpaka zida zoopsa za nyukiliya, sitima zapamadzi zimakhala ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakusintha kwamakono kwa dziko lapansi. Nkhaniyi ifufuza ukadaulo wosiyanasiyana wogwiritsidwa ntchito m'sitima zapamadzi zamakono, kuphatikizapo njira zoyendera, zida, zobisika, ndi luntha lochita kupanga.
Njira Zoyendetsera ndi Kuyendetsa
Navigation System
Kuyenda pansi pa madzi kumafuna ukadaulo wovuta kwambiri kuposa pamwamba. Chimodzi mwa ukadaulo wofunikira kwambiri ndi Inertial Navigation System (INS), yomwe imalola sitima zapamadzi kudziwa komwe zili komanso komwe zikupita popanda kufunikira zizindikiro zakunja. INS imagwiritsa ntchito ma gyroscope ndi ma accelerometers kuyeza kusintha kwa malo poyerekeza ndi poyambira.
Kugwiritsa ntchito Global Positioning System (GPS) n'kofala, ngakhale kuti kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kokha pamene sitima yapamadzi ili pamwamba. Kuphatikiza kwa GPS ndi INS kumapereka kulondola kwakukulu pakuyenda pansi pamadzi.
Kuyendetsa Nyukiliya
Ma sitima ambiri amakono amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya nyukiliya, zomwe zimapereka ubwino wambiri, kuphatikizapo kuthekera kogwira ntchito pansi pa madzi kwa miyezi ingapo popanda kufunikira kuwonjezera mafuta. Izi zimathandiza sitima zapamadzi kuchita ntchito zobisika kwambiri ndikuwonjezera kupezeka kwawo m'malo ochitira ntchito.
Ma reactor a nyukiliya m'sitima za pansi pamadzi nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mafuta a uranium olemera. Kutentha komwe kumapangidwa ndi nyukiliya imeneyi kumagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nthunzi, yomwe imayendetsa ma turbine ndikutembenuza ma propeller a sitima ya pansi pamadzi.
Luso Lobisika
Kapangidwe ka Hydrodynamic
Mbali imodzi yofunika kwambiri ya ukadaulo wa sitima zapamadzi ndi kubisa (kupewa kuzindikirika). Kapangidwe ka madzi ka sitima zapamadzi zamakono kamapangidwa kuti kachepetse phokoso lomwe limapangidwa pamene zikuyenda m'madzi. Mabowo a sitima zapamadzi nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ngati dontho la misozi, zomwe zimachepetsa kukana madzi ndipo zimapangitsa phokoso lochepa.
Zinthu Zofunika za Anechoic
Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo kubisalira, sitima zambiri zamakono za pansi pamadzi zimakhala ndi zinthu zopanda mphamvu zomwe zimaphimba kunja kwawo. Zinthuzi zimayamwa mafunde amphamvu a sonar, zomwe zimachepetsa kuwala komwe kungadziwike ndi makina ozindikira adani.
Dongosolo Loyendetsa Lopanda Chete
Makina oyendetsera ndege amapangidwanso kuti akhale chete momwe angathere. Ma mota amagetsi nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa amapanga phokoso lochepa kuposa ma turbine a nthunzi. Kuphatikiza apo, sitima zambiri zapamadzi zimakhala ndi ukadaulo wa pump-jet, womwe umachepetsa phokoso la kuyendetsa ndege.
Zida Zankhondo
Zida Zachizolowezi
Ma sitima amakono a pansi pamadzi ali ndi zida zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo ma torpedo ndi ma missile. Ma torpedo amakono nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira zowongolera ma acoustic kapena optical ndipo amatha kuthamanga kwambiri komanso mtunda wautali. Njira zoyambitsira zoyima (VLS) zimalola sitima za pansi pamadzi kuponya ma ballistic ndi cruise missile pansi pa madzi komanso pamwamba.
Zida za Nyukiliya
Ma sitima ena a pansi pamadzi ali ndi zida zoponyera zida za nyukiliya. Ma SSBN (Ship, Submersible, Ballistic, Nuclear), kapena sitima za nyukiliya zokhala ndi zida za nyukiliya, ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la chiphunzitso cha Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD). Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngakhale dziko lina litawononga bwino mphamvu zambiri za nyukiliya za dziko lina, sitima za pansi pamadzi zobisika zimatha kubwezera moopsa.
Njira Yodziwira ndi Kulankhulana
sonar
Sonar (Kuyenda ndi Kusinthasintha kwa Mafoni) ndi ukadaulo waukulu womwe sitima zapamadzi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira zinthu zomwe zili pafupi nawo. Pali mitundu iwiri ya sonar: sonar yogwira ntchito ndi sonar yogwira ntchito. Sonar yogwira ntchito imatulutsa mafunde amawu ndikusanthula ma reflection kuti idziwe mtunda ndi malo a chinthu. Koma sonar yogwira ntchito imangomvetsera phokoso lomwe limapangidwa ndi zinthu zozungulira.
Njira Yolankhulirana
Kulankhulana pansi pa madzi ndi vuto lalikulu pa ntchito za sitima zapamadzi. Mafunde a wailesi sangalowe bwino m'madzi a m'nyanja, kotero kulankhulana nthawi zambiri kumachitika kudzera mu mafunde a Very Low Frequency (VLF) kapena Extremely Low Frequency (ELF). Komabe, mphamvu zimenezi zimachepa chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa deta komwe kulipo. Mabwato ambiri amakono amagwiritsanso ntchito ma buoy kapena ma drones olumikizirana omwe amatha kukwera pamwamba ndikutumiza uthenga kudzera pa satellite.
Ukadaulo wa Satellite ndi Kulumikizana
Pamene sitima zapamadzi zili pamwamba kapena pansi pa periscope, zimatha kugwiritsa ntchito njira zolumikizirana za satellite ndi relay. Njirazi nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutumiza deta yovuta kwambiri monga nzeru, maoda a ntchito, ndi zosintha kuchokera ku base.
Luntha Lochita Kupanga (AI) ndi Zodzichitira Zokha
Dongosolo Lodzitetezera Lokha
Ndi kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo wa luntha lochita kupanga (AI), sitima zankhondo zamakono zili ndi zida zodzitetezera zokha zomwe zimatha kuzindikira ndikuyankha mwachangu ku ziwopsezo. Mwachitsanzo, AI ingathandize kuzindikira mawonekedwe a sonar kuti izindikire zombo za adani zomwe zikubwera kapena ma torpedo.
Machitidwe Odziyendetsa Okha ndi Ntchito
AI imagwiritsidwanso ntchito poyendetsa ndege zokha komanso kuyendetsa ntchito. Machitidwewa amatha kuwongolera mbali zambiri za ntchito za sitima yapamadzi popanda kulowererapo kwa anthu ambiri, kuphatikizapo kuyenda panyanja, kuyang'anira mphamvu, ndi kuyang'anira ndi kukonza zida.
Kusanthula Deta
Luntha lochita kupanga limagwiritsanso ntchito kusanthula deta yayikulu kuti liwongolere magwiridwe antchito ndi kudalirika. Deta kuchokera ku masensa ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana omwe ali m'sitima yapamadzi imasanthulidwa pamalopo kuti ipeze mavuto aukadaulo kapena zoopsa zomwe zingachitike.
Chitukuko cha M'tsogolo
Sitima Yapamadzi Yodziyimira Yokha
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe zikuchitika ndi chitukuko cha sitima zapamadzi zodziyimira pawokha, zopanda anthu. Sitima zapamadzi zimenezi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza, kufufuza mabomba, komanso kutumiza zinthu popanda chiopsezo kwa anthu. Makina amenewa amagwiritsa ntchito AI ndi masensa apamwamba pa ntchito zoyendera ndi ntchito.
Mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso
Kafukufuku akuchitikanso kuti agwiritse ntchito magwero a mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso popereka mphamvu ku sitima zapamadzi, monga ma cell a hydrogen fuel kapena mphamvu ya dzuwa kuti awonjezere mphamvu zogwiritsira ntchito bwino ndikuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.
Mapeto
Ma sitima amakono a pansi pamadzi ndi zotsatira za ukadaulo wosiyanasiyana wapamwamba womwe umathandizira pankhondo za pansi pa nyanja ndi ntchito zina zankhondo. Kuyambira machitidwe apamwamba oyendetsera ndi kuyendetsa mpaka luso lapadera lobisala, mpaka zida zowononga kwambiri komanso luntha lochita kupanga lopita patsogolo, ukadaulo wa sitima zapamadzi ukupitilizabe kusintha kuti ukwaniritse zosowa ndi zovuta zamakono zankhondo.
Kupita patsogolo kwina m'magawo a sitima zapamadzi zodziyimira pawokha komanso mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso kukusonyeza kuti tsogolo la ukadaulo wa sitima zapamadzi lidzapitirizabe kukhala latsopano, zomwe zidzayambitsa nthawi yatsopano ya ulamuliro wa panyanja ndi ntchito za pansi pa nyanja.
