Chiphunzitso cha Zenizeni mu Ubale Wapadziko Lonse
Chiphunzitso cha zenizeni ndi njira imodzi yothandiza kwambiri pophunzira za ubale wapadziko lonse (IR). Zenizeni zimathandiza kufotokoza chifukwa chake mayiko nthawi zambiri amachita zinthu mopikisana, chifukwa chake nkhondo zimapitirira ngakhale kuti pali mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi, komanso chifukwa chake chitetezo cha dziko nthawi zambiri chimakhala chofunika kuposa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse. Kutengera lingaliro lakuti anthu apadziko lonse lapansi alibe ulamuliro wapamwamba womwe ungakakamize mayiko onse kutsatira, zenizeni zimaona ubale pakati pa mayiko ngati bwalo la mikangano yamphamvu yomwe ikupitilira.
Kumvetsetsa ndi Malingaliro Oyambira a Zenizeni
Kawirikawiri, zenizeni zimagogomezera mfundo zitatu zazikulu. Choyamba, dongosolo lapadziko lonse lapansi ndi losakhazikika. "Chiwopsezo" pano sichikutanthauza chisokonezo, koma kusakhalapo kwa boma lapadziko lonse lapansi lomwe lingathe kukakamiza malamulo osatha. Chifukwa chake, mayiko ayenera kudzidalira okha (kudzithandiza) kuti apulumuke.
Chachiwiri, mayiko ndi omwe amachita nawo ndale zapadziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale kuti pali mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi, makampani apadziko lonse lapansi, ndi mabungwe omwe si aboma, kuchita zinthu moona mtima kumaona mayiko ngati omwe akadali ndi mphamvu zambiri zogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, kupanga mfundo zakunja , komanso kupanga zisankho zanzeru.
Chachitatu, zofuna za dziko—makamaka kupulumuka ndi chitetezo—ndizo zolinga zazikulu za boma. Malingaliro enieni amasonyeza kuti makhalidwe abwino ndi malingaliro abwino nthawi zambiri zimakhala kumbuyo pamene boma likuopsezedwa. Mu mikhalidwe yosakhazikika, mayiko amakonda kuwerengera mwanzeru: mfundo ziti zomwe zimalimbitsa malo awo, zomwe zimawafooketsa.
Mizu Yakale ya Zenizeni
Kuona zenizeni si chiphunzitso chatsopano. Malingaliro a zenizeni amatha kutsatiridwa ndi ntchito zakale monga "Nkhondo ya Peloponnesian" ya Thucydides, yomwe ikuwonetsa momwe mphamvu ndi mantha zimapangira zisankho zandale. Mu zokambirana zodziwika bwino za Melos, Thucydides akuwonetsa mfundo zovuta zandale zamphamvu: amphamvu amachita zomwe angathe, ndipo ofooka amapirira zomwe ayenera.
Akatswiri ena oganiza bwino, monga Niccolò Machiavelli, adagogomezera kufunika kwa mphamvu ndi nzeru zandale mu buku la The Prince. Pakadali pano, Thomas Hobbes adafotokoza za "mkhalidwe wachilengedwe" wodzaza ndi kusatsimikizika ndi mikangano - chithunzi chomwe nthawi zambiri chimafanizidwa ndi dongosolo lapadziko lonse lapansi ndi akatswiri amakono.
M'zaka za m'ma 20, kudalirana kwa zinthu kunayamba kutchuka pambuyo pa kulephera kwa malingaliro abwino pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse Yoyamba, omwe ankakhulupirira kuti zokambirana zotseguka ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi zitha kuletsa nkhondo. Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse inali umboni wowawa wakuti zolinga zabwino sizokwanira nthawi zonse, ndipo kuti chiwawa chingachitike pamene mphamvu yasokonekera.
Zochitika Zachikhalidwe: Mphamvu ndi Chilengedwe cha Munthu
Kuwona zinthu m'njira yachikhalidwe, komwe nthawi zambiri kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi Hans J. Morgenthau, kumagogomezera kuti mizu ya mikangano yapadziko lonse imachokera ku chizolowezi cha anthu chofuna mphamvu. Malinga ndi lingaliro ili, atsogoleri ndi mayiko sangathawe kotheratu chilakolako chofuna kukopa anthu, kutchuka, ndi ulamuliro. Ndale zapadziko lonse lapansi kwenikweni zimanena za ndale za mphamvu.
Morgenthau adati zofuna za dziko zimafotokozedwa ngati mphamvu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mfundo zakunja za dziko nthawi zonse zimakhala zokhudzana ndi kusunga kapena kukulitsa udindo wake. Pankhaniyi , makhalidwe abwino sanyalanyazidwa kotheratu koma ayenera kusinthidwa kuti agwirizane ndi zenizeni. Zochita zomwe zimaonedwa kuti ndi "zabwino" mwamakhalidwe abwino zitha kukhala zoopsa ngati zikuwopseza chitetezo cha dziko.
Neorealism: Kapangidwe ka Dongosolo Lapadziko Lonse
Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 20, Kenneth Waltz adayambitsa neorealism (kapena structural realism). Mosiyana ndi classical realism, yomwe idagogomezera chibadwa cha anthu, neorealism imagogomezera kapangidwe ka dongosolo lapadziko lonse lapansi ngati chifukwa chachikulu cha mpikisano. Chifukwa palibe ulamuliro wapamwamba, mayiko—ma demokalase ndi auditoriarian—amakumana ndi mavuto omwewo: ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti chitetezo chili bwino, kuyembekezera ziwopsezo, ndikuchepetsa kufooka.
Mu neorealism, kugawa mphamvu (monga unipolar, bipolar, kapena multipolar) ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimatsimikizira kukhazikika. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi ya Cold War nthawi zambiri imawonedwa ngati bipolar system (US ndi Soviet Union). Anthu ena okhulupirira zenizeni amanena kuti bipolarity imapanga kukhazikika chifukwa mawerengedwe a mphamvu ndi omveka bwino, mgwirizano umakhala wolimba kwambiri, ndipo chiopsezo cha kulakwitsa chimawoneka bwino kuposa mu multipolar system.
Malingaliro Ofunika mu Zenizeni
1. Mphamvu
Mphamvu zitha kukhala zankhondo, zachuma, ukadaulo, kapena zandale. Kuwona zenizeni kumawona mphamvu ngati chida chachikulu chotetezera zofuna za dziko. Ngakhale kuti mayiko angagwiritse ntchito "mphamvu zofewa," kuwona zenizeni kumaika patsogolo mphamvu zokakamiza ngati chinthu chofunikira.
2. Kulinganiza Mphamvu
Lingaliro limeneli likufotokoza kuti dziko lina likakhala lamphamvu kwambiri, mayiko ena amayesa kuligwirizanitsa kudzera mu magulu ankhondo, kupanga mgwirizano, kapena njira zoletsa. Kulinganiza mphamvu kumayenera kuletsa ulamuliro wonse wa chipani chimodzi, ngakhale kuti nthawi zina sikuletsa mikangano.
3. Vuto la Chitetezo
Vuto la chitetezo limachitika pamene dziko lina likuona kuti khama la dziko lina lofuna kulimbitsa chitetezo—monga kulimbitsa asilikali ake—likuopsezedwa ndi dziko lina. Chifukwa chake, dziko linalo limayankhanso polimbitsa asilikali ake. Izi zimawonjezera kusamvana ngakhale kuti palibe gulu lililonse lomwe lili ndi cholinga chenicheni choukira.
4. Zokonda ndi Mapindu Ofanana
Kuwona zenizeni kumagogomezera kuti mayiko nthawi zambiri amayesa mgwirizano kutengera phindu loyerekeza, osati phindu lenileni lokha. Izi zikutanthauza kuti boma lingakane mgwirizano womwe uli wopindulitsa ngati ungapangitse kuti chipani china chipindule kwambiri ndipo ukhoza kusintha mphamvu.
Kuwona Zinthu Monga Zenizeni Mu Ndale Zapadziko Lonse
Ndondomeko zambiri zakunja zitha kutanthauziridwa kudzera mu malingaliro enieni. Mipikisano ya zida, ndale za mgwirizano, ndi njira zopewera ndi zitsanzo zodziwika bwino. Mwachitsanzo, lingaliro la kupewera zida za nyukiliya limachokera ku kuwerengera koyenera: ngati mtengo wowukira uli wokwera kwambiri, mdaniyo sadzatero. Kutsimikizika kumanena kuti kukhazikika nthawi zambiri sikumapangidwa ndi zolinga zabwino, koma ndi mantha a zotsatirapo zake.
Kuphatikiza apo, zenizeni zimathandiza kufotokoza chifukwa chake mayiko nthawi zina amachita zinthu mwanzeru: kugwirizana ndi magulu omwe ali ndi makhalidwe osiyana, kapena ngakhale malingaliro otsutsana, kuti akwaniritse zolinga zanzeru. Mu lingaliro la zenizeni, malingaliro ndi ofunikira, koma chitetezo cha dziko ndi zofuna zake nthawi zambiri zimalamulira chisankho chomaliza.
Kutsutsa Zoona Zenizeni
Ngakhale kuti ili ndi mphamvu, kuchita zinthu zenizeni sikuli kopanda otsutsa. Choyamba, kumaonedwa ngati kopanda chiyembekezo ndipo kumapangitsa kuti mikangano ikhazikike bwino. Otsutsa amanena kuti mgwirizano wapadziko lonse, miyambo, ndi mabungwe atsimikizira kuti ndi othandiza poletsa khalidwe la boma nthawi zambiri, mwachitsanzo kudzera mu njira zamalonda, mapangano okhudza zachilengedwe, kapena ulamuliro wa malamulo apadziko lonse.
Chachiwiri, zenizeni zimaonedwa ngati kunyalanyaza anthu omwe si a boma. M'dziko logwirizana padziko lonse lapansi, makampani aukadaulo, mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi, ndi magulu amitundu yonse amatha kusintha kwambiri mfundo za boma. Zenizeni zimavomereza kukhalapo kwawo, koma nthawi zambiri zimaona mphamvu zawo ngati zosayang'aniridwa ndi zofuna za boma.
Chachitatu, zenizeni zimapeputsa udindo wa malingaliro ndi umunthu. Mwachitsanzo, lingaliro la constructivist limagogomezera kuti ziwopsezo sizimangokhudza mphamvu zakuthupi zokha, komanso kuzindikira, mbiri, ndi umunthu. Mayiko awiri omwe ali ndi mphamvu zofanana zankhondo amatha kuwonedwa mosiyana: limodzi ndi chinsinsi, lina ndi bwenzi—kutengera ubale ndi tanthauzo la chikhalidwe lomwe amapanga.
Mapeto
Chiphunzitso cha zenizeni mu ubale wapadziko lonse lapansi chimapereka lingaliro lokhwima komanso nthawi zambiri lenileni pa kayendetsedwe ka dziko lonse lapansi. Mwa kutsindika za chisokonezo chapadziko lonse lapansi, zofuna za dziko, ndi mpikisano wa mphamvu, zenizeni zimathandiza kufotokoza chifukwa chake mikangano, mipikisano ya zida, ndi ndale za mgwirizano zikupitilira kukhala zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa ubale wa mayiko. Kaya ndi zenizeni zakale, zomwe zimagogomezera chibadwa cha anthu, kapena neorealism, zomwe zimagogomezera kapangidwe ka dongosolo, njira iyi imapereka njira yamphamvu yowunikira kumvetsetsa khalidwe la mayiko.
Komabe, zenizeni si njira yokhayo yowonera dziko lapansi. Mavuto amakono monga kusintha kwa nyengo, mliri, chitetezo cha pa intaneti, ndi chuma cha padziko lonse lapansi zikusonyeza kuti mgwirizano ndi wofunikira kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, kumvetsetsa zenizeni kuyenera kuyikidwa pamodzi ndi malingaliro ena, kutithandiza kuwona ndale zapadziko lonse lapansi mokwanira: ngati bwalo la mpikisano komanso malo ogwirira ntchito limodzi.
