Kugawa Mitengo Kutengera Nyengo
Zomera ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la zachilengedwe zomwe zimathandiza moyo padziko lapansi. Sizimangopereka mpweya womwe timapuma komanso zimathandiza kwambiri popereka chakudya, mankhwala, ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zopangira. Njira imodzi yothandiza kwambiri yomvetsetsera ndikugawa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera ndikuwunika momwe zimasinthira ku nyengo zosiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi. Kugawa zomera m'magulu kumatithandiza kumvetsetsa bwino momwe zomera zimakulira ndikukula bwino m'malo osiyanasiyana. Nkhaniyi ikambirana za kugawa zomera m'magulu kutengera nyengo ndi momwe kusintha kwawo kumakhudzira kukula ndi kupulumuka kwawo.
1. Nyengo Yotentha
Makhalidwe a Nyengo Yotentha
Nyengo za m'madera otentha zimadziwika ndi kutentha kotentha chaka chonse komanso kusintha kochepa kwa nyengo. Mvula imakhala yambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri imachitika chaka chonse, ndipo madera ena amakhala ndi nyengo yochepa yamvula.
Zomera Zakumadera Otentha
Zomera zomwe zimamera m'madera otentha zimakhala ndi njira yapadera yosinthira ku kupirira chinyezi chambiri komanso kutentha kosasinthasintha. Zitsanzo zina za zomera za m'madera otentha ndi izi:
– Mtengo wa Nthochi (Musa spp.): Nthochi ndi chomera chofala m'madera otentha chomwe chimafuna chinyezi chambiri komanso kuwala kwa dzuwa kuti chikule bwino.
– Kokonati (Cocos nucifera): Kokonati imakula bwino m'madera otentha a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndipo imapirira nyengo yamchere komanso mphepo yamphamvu.
– Nsungwi (Bambusoideae): Nsungwi imakula mwachangu kwambiri ndipo imapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana otentha.
Kusintha kwa zomera za m'madera otentha nthawi zambiri kumaphatikizapo masamba otakata kuti azitha kulandira kuwala kwa dzuwa kochuluka momwe angathere komanso mizu yotakata kuti itenge madzi ndi michere.
2. Nyengo ya m'madera otentha
Makhalidwe a Nyengo Yotentha
Nyengo za m'madera otentha zimakhala ndi chilimwe chotentha, chachinyezi komanso nyengo yozizira yofatsa mpaka yapakati. Mvula imasiyana koma nthawi zambiri imakhala yochuluka, makamaka nthawi yachilimwe.
Zomera Zam'madera Otentha
Zomera m'madera otentha nthawi zambiri zimafunika kusintha kuti zigwirizane ndi nyengo youma komanso kutentha kwambiri nthawi yachilimwe. Zitsanzo za zomera zotentha ndi izi:
– Malalanje (Citrus spp.): Malalanje ndi zomera zina za zipatso za citrus zimafuna kuwala kwa dzuwa kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri zimalimidwa m'madera otentha.
– Maolivi (Olea europaea): Maolivi amakula bwino m'madera otentha okhala ndi chilimwe chachitali komanso chouma.
– Mitengo ya Magnolia (Magnolia spp.): Ma Magnolia amadziwika ndi maluwa awo akuluakulu komanso onunkhira bwino, ndipo amakula bwino m'malo otentha.
Kusintha kwa zomera za m'madera otentha nthawi zambiri kumaphatikizapo kuthekera kopulumuka nyengo youma komanso kukana tizilombo ndi matenda omwe amapezeka kwambiri m'malo omwe ali ndi chinyezi chambiri.
3. Nyengo yofunda
Zizindikiro za Nyengo Yozizira
Nyengo zotentha zimakhala ndi nyengo zosiyanasiyana, ndipo nyengo yachilimwe imakhala yotentha komanso yozizira. Mvula nthawi zambiri imagwa mofanana chaka chonse.
Zomera Zozizira za Nyengo
Zomera zomwe zimakula m'malo otentha ziyenera kukhala zotha kupirira kusintha kwakukulu kwa kutentha ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi nthawi yozizira yogona. Zitsanzo za zomera zotentha ndi izi:
– Tirigu (Triticum spp.): Tirigu ndi mbewu ya tirigu yomwe imalimidwa kwambiri m'malo ozizira.
– Maple (Acer spp.): Mitengo ya Maple imadziwika ndi masamba ake omwe amasintha mtundu nthawi ya autumn ndipo amakula bwino m'malo ozizira.
– Maapulo (Malus domestica): Mitengo ya maapulo imafuna nthawi yozizira kuti ibereke zipatso bwino, kotero imayenera nyengo yozizira.
Kusintha kwa zomera zotentha nthawi zambiri kumaphatikizapo njira zopulumukira nyengo zosiyanasiyana, monga kugwetsa masamba kuti achepetse kutayika kwa madzi m'nyengo yozizira.
4. Nyengo Youma (Chipululu)
Zizindikiro za Nyengo Youma
Nyengo youma imakhala ndi mvula yochepa kwambiri komanso kutentha kwambiri masana komanso kutentha kochepa usiku.
Zomera Zam'chipululu
Zomera za m'chipululu zimakhala ndi kusintha kwakukulu kuti zipulumuke mikhalidwe yovutayi, monga:
– Cactus (Cactaceae): Cactus ali ndi mizu yokhuthala yosungira madzi ndi minga zomwe zimateteza ku zilombo zolusa komanso kuchepetsa kutuluka kwa madzi m'thupi.
– Agave (Agave spp.): Agave ili ndi masamba ochepa komanso okhuthala komanso mizu yake yayitali kuti ipeze madzi m'malo opanda zomera.
– Semi-sporic (Ephedra spp.): Zomera izi zimakhala ndi masamba obiriwira omwe amachititsa photosynthesis, m'malo mwa masamba, zomwe zimathandiza kuchepetsa kutayika kwa madzi.
Kusintha kwa zomera za m'chipululu nthawi zambiri kumaphatikizapo kuthekera kosunga madzi, kudzera mu stomata yomwe imatseka masana ndi mizu yomwe imatha kufalikira mtunda wautali kuti ikapeze magwero a madzi.
5. Nyengo ya ku Polar
Makhalidwe a Nyengo ya Polar
Nyengo za ku polar zimadziwika ndi kutentha kozizira kwambiri kwa chaka chonse ndipo nthawi zambiri chilimwe chimakhala chachifupi kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri mvula imakhala yochepa kwambiri, makamaka ngati chipale chofewa.
Zomera za Polar
Zomera zomwe zimamera m'madera otentha ziyenera kukhala zolimba kwambiri komanso zokhoza kupirira kutentha kozizira komanso nthawi yochepa kwambiri yowala. Zitsanzo za zomera zotentha ndi izi:
– Moss (Bryophyta): Moss ndi imodzi mwa zomera zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri m'madera akumpoto chifukwa imatha kumera m'nthaka yopyapyala ndipo imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri popanga nthaka.
– Lichen: Lichen ndi zamoyo zomwe zimapezeka pamiyala ndipo zimatha kukhala ndi moyo m'malo ovuta kwambiri popanda zakudya zokwanira.
– Willow (Salix spp.): Mitundu ina ya willow imatha kukula m'malo otsetsereka a arctic tundra pogwiritsa ntchito masamba ang'onoang'ono komanso osakula kwambiri.
Zomera za polar nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi kukula kochepa kuti zipewe mphepo yamphamvu komanso kuthekera kopulumuka ngakhale zitaphimbidwa ndi chipale chofewa kwa chaka chonse.
Mapeto
Kugawa zomera m'magulu malinga ndi nyengo kumatipatsa chidziwitso chakuya cha momwe zomera zimasinthira malinga ndi malo awo. Kuyambira nkhalango zobiriwira za m'madera otentha mpaka malo ouma a kumadera otentha, chomera chilichonse chili ndi njira yakeyake yopulumukira komanso yopambana. Kumvetsetsa kusintha kumeneku ndikofunikira osati pazifukwa zamaphunziro ndi sayansi zokha komanso pazaulimi, kusunga zachilengedwe, ndi mfundo zachilengedwe.
Mwa kuphunzira gululi, titha kupanga njira zabwino zosungira zamoyo zosiyanasiyana, kukulitsa zokolola zaulimi, ndikuthana ndi mavuto azachilengedwe omwe timakumana nawo, monga kusintha kwa nyengo. Zomera zomwe zakhala zikuchita bwino kwa zaka masauzande ambiri zimapereka maphunziro ofunikira omwe tiyenera kuphunzira ndikugwiritsa ntchito mtsogolo mwa dziko lathu lapansi.
