Momwe Mungasankhire Mitundu Yabwino ya Mpunga
Kusankha mtundu wa mpunga wabwino kwambiri ndi chimodzi mwa zisankho zofunika kwambiri pakulima mpunga. Mtundu woyenera ukhoza kuwonjezera zokolola, kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kulephera kwa mbewu, kusunga ndalama zopangira, ndikupanga tirigu ndi mpunga zomwe zikugwirizana ndi kufunikira kwa msika. Komabe, "wopambana" sikutanthauza mtundu wotchuka kwambiri kapena wobala zipatso kwambiri womwe watchulidwa m'kabukuka. Mtundu wapamwamba ndi womwe umagwirizana bwino ndi momwe nthaka yanu ilili, nyengo, momwe mbewu zimabzalira, kupsinjika kwa tizilombo ndi matenda, komanso zolinga zaulimi. Nayi chitsogozo chathunthu cha momwe mungasankhire mitundu ya mpunga wabwino kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito njira yothandiza.
1. Kumvetsetsa cholinga cha kulima: kudya, kugulitsa tirigu, kapena kugulitsa mpunga
Gawo loyamba ndikudziwa komwe ulimi uyenera kuchitikira. Ngati cholinga chachikulu ndi kudya m'nyumba, alimi amakonda kusankha mitundu yokhala ndi kukoma kofewa, fungo labwino, komanso nthawi yayitali yosungira. Ngati cholinga chachikulu ndi kugulitsa mpunga wopanda phulusa, nthawi zambiri cholinga chake chimakhala chokolola kwambiri, kukhwima msanga, kufanana, komanso kukolola mosavuta. Ngati kugulitsa mpunga (wokwera mtengo kapena wapadera) kukufunika, zinthu zimaganiziridwa mwatsatanetsatane: kukolola mpunga, mawonekedwe ndi mtundu, kapangidwe kake, ndi kufunikira kwa msika wakomweko (monga mpunga wouma wa malo odyera enaake kapena mpunga wofewa wa msika wapakhomo).
Ndi cholinga chomveka bwino, mutha kusankha mitundu yosiyanasiyana kuyambira pachiyambi kuti musasokonezedwe ndi malangizo ambiri.
2. Kumvetsetsa za ulimi ndi momwe nthaka ilili
Mitundu ya mpunga imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi malo okulira. Chifukwa chake, muyenera kumvetsetsa mawonekedwe enieni a nthaka yanu, makamaka:
– Mtundu wa malo: minda ya mpunga yothiriridwa mwaukadaulo, minda ya mpunga yothiriridwa pang'ono, minda ya mpunga yomwe imalandira madzi amvula, madambo a m'nyanja, kapena malo ouma (gogo).
– Kupezeka kwa madzi: kokhazikika nyengo yonse kapena nthawi zambiri madzi sapezeka.
– Kutalika ndi kutentha: mitundu ina imayankha mosiyana kumadera otsika poyerekeza ndi madera okwera.
– Mkhalidwe wa nthaka: pH ya nthaka, kuchuluka kwa mchere, kapena poizoni wa Fe m'malo ena.
– Mbiri ya malo: ndi mitundu iti ya zomera yomwe yakhala yoyenera mpaka pano, ndi mavuto ati akuluakulu (malo ogona, matenda, kapena kuchepa kwa zokolola).
Mitundu yabwino kwambiri ya mpunga wothiriridwa mwina si yoyenera minda ya mpunga yomwe imalandira madzi ambiri. M'madera omwe chilala chimakula msanga, mitundu yomwe imapirira chilala kapena yomwe imakhwima msanga nthawi zambiri imakhala yotetezeka. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, m'minda ya mpunga yomwe ili ndi madzi okhazikika, mungasankhe mitundu yobala zipatso zambiri yomwe imalandira feteleza.
3. Samalani nthawi yokolola ndi kuyenerera kwa kalendala yobzala.
Kukhwima kwa mitundu ya zomera kumakhudza njira zobzala ndi zoopsa zake. Mitundu yokhwima msanga (yomwe imayamba kukolola msanga) ndi yoyenera:
- tsatirani chiwerengero cha zokolola (monga mbewu 2-3 pachaka),
- kuthamangitsa nyengo, kupewa kuukira kwa tizilombo towononga kwambiri, kapena kuyembekezera kusefukira kwa madzi/chilala,
- ndalama ziyenera kusinthasintha mofulumira.
Mitundu yokhwima pakati pa nthawi yochedwa nthawi zina imakhala ndi ubwino pa makhalidwe enaake kapena kukana, koma zoopsa zimawonjezeka ngati nyengo ikusintha kapena madzi sakuyenda bwino.
Kalendala yobzala mbewu m'deralo ndi yofunika: kubzala msanga kwambiri kapena mochedwa kwambiri kungayambitse nyengo yophukira/kutulutsa maluwa, zomwe pamapeto pake zimachepetsa zokolola.
4. Sankhani kutengera kulimba kwa tizilombo ndi matenda akuluakulu
Tizilombo ndi matenda zimatha kuchepetsa mphamvu ya zokolola, ngakhale mu mitundu yobala kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, kusankha mitundu kuyenera kuganizira zoopsa zomwe zikuwopseza kwambiri mdera lanu, mwachitsanzo:
– Brown planthopper (BPH) ndi mavairasi omwe imafalitsa,
- Matenda a bakiteriya a masamba,
- Kuphulika (pyricularia),
– Tungro,
– Woboola tsinde.
Njira yothandiza yowunikira izi ndikufunsa ogwira ntchito yolangiza kapena alimi am'deralo mitundu yomwe "inali yolimba m'munda" nyengo yatha. Kumbukirani kuti kulimba kumatha "kutha" ngati tizilombo kapena matenda ayamba. Chifukwa chake, kusinthasintha mitundu ndikugwiritsa ntchito mbewu zovomerezeka kumathandiza kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kufalikira kwa tizilombo.
5. Taganizirani za kukana malo okhazikika komanso khalidwe la tsinde.
Mbewu za mpunga zomwe zimagwa mosavuta zimayambitsa kutayika kwa zokolola, zimawonjezera zokolola zopanda kanthu, zimapangitsa kukolola kukhala kovuta, komanso zimachepetsa ubwino wa tirigu. Ngati nthaka yanu nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mphepo yamphamvu, mvula yamphamvu, kapena mumagwiritsa ntchito feteleza wambiri wa N (urea), sankhani mitundu yokhala ndi:
- tsinde lolimba,
– chomera chapakati kutalika (chosatalika kwambiri),
- mizu yolimba.
Mitundu yomwe singathe kumera bwino nthawi zambiri imakhala yotetezeka kwambiri poisamalira bwino.
6. Unikani zotsatira zomwe zingatheke moyenera: yang'anani deta ya m'munda ndi umboni
Kuchuluka kwa zokolola zomwe zili pa chizindikiro kapena mu malonda nthawi zambiri kumawonetsa kuchuluka kwa zokolola zabwino kwambiri pazochitika zoyeserera. M'munda, zokolola zimakhudzidwa ndi kuthirira, feteleza, kuletsa udzu , kuchuluka kwa zomera, ndi nyengo. Chifukwa chake, sankhani mitundu kutengera kuphatikiza kwa:
- deta yovomerezeka yovomerezeka (monga zotsatira za mayeso osinthira m'dera loyenera),
- zotsatira za chiwembu chowonetsera (chiwembu chowonetsera),
- zomwe alimi am'deralo adakumana nazo.
Ngati mitundu iwiri ili ndi kuthekera kofanana kokolola, sankhani yomwe ili ndi zokolola zofanana kwambiri nyengo iliyonse. Kukhazikika nthawi zambiri kumakhala kopindulitsa kuposa kukwera nthawi zina komanso kutsika pafupipafupi.
7. Sinthani malinga ndi zosowa za msika: kapangidwe ka mpunga, mawonekedwe a mpunga, ndi zokolola
Ubwino wa mpunga sikutanthauza kukoma kokha, komanso mtengo wake pamsika. Zinthu zingapo zofunika:
– Kapangidwe ka mpunga: wofewa, wapakati, kapena wouma. Izi zikugwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa amylose.
– Fungo: misika ina imakonda mpunga wonunkhira.
– Mawonekedwe ndi mtundu wa mpunga: wautali, woonda, kapena wozungulira.
– Zokolola za mpunga: kuchuluka kwa mpunga womwe umapangidwa kuchokera ku tirigu ukatha kugayidwa.
– Kufooka: mitundu ina imakhala yosavuta kusweka ngati kuumitsa kapena kugayidwa sikunachitike bwino.
Ngati mukugulitsa kwa wogulitsa tirigu, mtengo wake ungakhale wotsika poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwake. Komabe, ngati msika ukuyamba kufuna mpunga wokhazikika, mtundu woyenera ukhoza kukweza mtengo kwambiri.
8. Onetsetsani kuti mbewuzo ndi zenizeni komanso zovomerezeka.
Mitundu yabwino kwambiri siidzakhala yabwino ngati mbewuzo ndi zabodza, zosakanizidwa, kapena ngati sizingathe kumera bwino. Sankhani mbewu zomwe zili ndi makhalidwe awa:
- zilembo zovomerezeka ndi ma phukusi (mbewu zovomerezeka),
- mfundo zomveka bwino: mtundu, chiwerengero cha malo, mphamvu yomera, tsiku lotha ntchito,
- phukusi lake ndi lopanda chinyontho ndipo silili lonyowa.
Mbewu zabwino zimathandiza kuti mbewu zikule bwino, zikhale zosavuta kuzisamalira, komanso zimawonjezera mwayi wopeza zokolola zambiri. Ngati mukugwiritsa ntchito mbewu zobadwa nazo (zochokera ku zokolola zakale), chitani mayeso okhwima osankha ndi kumera, koma dziwani kuti ubwino wa majini ndi thanzi la mbewu zimatha kuchepa pakapita nthawi.
9. Kuyesa pang'ono musanabzale m'minda ikuluikulu
Njira yomwe nthawi zambiri imanyalanyazidwa koma yothandiza kwambiri ndiyo kuyesa mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Umu ndi momwe mungachitire:
1. Sankhani mitundu iwiri mpaka inayi yoyenera.
2. Bzalani m'magawo ang'onoang'ono pamalo omwewo, ndi njira yolimira yofanana.
3. Zindikirani: mphamvu yoyambirira, zofunikira pa madzi, kukana kwa OPT, kusavutikira kukonza, nthawi yokolola, ndi zotsatira za matailosi.
4. Onaninso ubwino wa tirigu ndi mpunga mutamaliza kugaya ngati n'kotheka.
Ndi mayeso osavuta, mumapeza zambiri zenizeni kuchokera kumunda wanu, osati malingaliro wamba okha.
10. Sinthani mtundu wa mbewu kuti ugwirizane ndi ukadaulo wolimidwa womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito
Mitundu yapamwamba idzakhala yothandiza kwambiri ngati ukadaulowo uli woyenera. Mwachitsanzo:
– Ngati mubzala mbeu za legowo m'mizere, mitundu ina yomwe imabereka ana ambiri idzakhala yothandiza kwambiri.
– Ngati mukupatsa feteleza wambiri, sankhani mitundu yomwe imakula bwino koma yosatha kumera.
- Ngati mukufuna kuchepetsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, perekani mitundu yokhala ndi mphamvu yolimbana ndi tizilombo.
Phatikizani mitundu ndi njira zolima monga kulima motalikirana bwino , feteleza moyenera, kusamalira madzi, ndi kuletsa udzu.
Mapeto
Kusankha mitundu yabwino ya mpunga sikungofuna kukolola kwambiri. Mitundu yabwino kwambiri ndi yomwe ikugwirizana ndi momwe nthaka ilili, kupezeka kwa madzi, kalendala yobzala, kuchuluka kwa tizilombo ndi matenda, komanso kufunika kwa msika. Yambani ndi zolinga zanu zolima, mvetsetsani momwe mbewu zanu zilili, sankhani mitundu yomwe imapirira mavuto akuluakulu m'dera lanu, onetsetsani kuti mwabzala mbewu zovomerezeka, ndikuchita mayeso ang'onoang'ono musanabzale mbewu. Ndi njira iyi, mumawonjezera kwambiri mwayi wanu wokolola zambiri, zokhazikika, komanso zopindulitsa.
Ngati mukufuna, ndingakuthandizeni kusonkhanitsa malingaliro osiyanasiyana kutengera malo (chigawo/chigawo), mtundu wa nthaka (yothiriridwa/yomwe mvula imagwa/yokhala ndi madambo), nyengo yobzala, ndi mavuto a tizilombo ndi matenda omwe amapezeka kawirikawiri m'minda yanu ya mpunga.
