Makhalidwe ndi Ntchito za Mapu a Contour
Mamapu a contour ndi mtundu wofunikira kwambiri wa mamapu mu geography, kukonzekera madera, uinjiniya wa zomangamanga, nkhalango, migodi, komanso zochitika zakunja monga kukwera mapiri. Mamapu a contour amatithandiza kumvetsetsa mawonekedwe a pamwamba pa Dziko Lapansi molondola popanda kuwona mwachindunji m'munda. Mamapu awa amatha "kumasulira" kusiyana kwa mpumulo kapena kukwera kwa dera kukhala mizere yosavuta kuwerenga. Nkhaniyi ikambirana za makhalidwe akuluakulu a mamapu a contour ndi momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku komanso ntchito zaukadaulo.
Kumvetsetsa Mapu a Mizere
Mapu a contour ndi mapu omwe akuwonetsa kusiyana kwa kukwera pamwamba pa Dziko Lapansi pogwiritsa ntchito mizere ya contour. Mizere ya contour ndi mizere yongopeka yomwe imagwirizanitsa malo ofanana pamwamba pa nyanja. Chifukwa chakuti imagwirizanitsa malo ofanana, mizere ya contour imapereka chidziwitso chomveka bwino chokhudza malo okhala, monga mapiri, zigwa, mapiri aatali , ndi mapiri otsetsereka.
Mizere ya mizere nthawi zambiri imapezeka pamapu a mapu . Ngakhale mamapu a mapu nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zambiri zambiri (misewu, mitsinje, zomera, malo okhala), mizere ya mizere ndiyo chinthu chachikulu chosonyeza malo otsetsereka.
Makhalidwe a Mapu a Mzere
Kuti timvetse bwino mapu a contour, tiyenera kuzindikira makhalidwe awo. Makhalidwe amenewa amapangitsa kuti kuwerenga, kutanthauzira, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso cha kukwera ndi kutsetsereka kukhale kosavuta.
1. Mizere ya contour imagwirizanitsa malo okhala ndi malo ofanana.
Khalidwe lofunika kwambiri ndilakuti mzere uliwonse wa contour umayimira mtengo wokwera. Ngati mzere wa contour walembedwa kuti "200" pamapu, zikutanthauza kuti mzere wonse uli pamtunda wa mamita 200 pamwamba pa nyanja. Chifukwa chake, aliyense akhoza kuwerengera kukwera kwa mfundo poyang'ana mzere wa contour wapafupi.
2. Mizere ya Contour Siimadutsana
Mwachidule, mizere iwiri ya contour sidzakumana. Izi zili choncho chifukwa mfundo imodzi pamwamba pa Dziko Lapansi singakhale ndi mikwingwirima iwiri yosiyana nthawi imodzi. Komabe, m'mikhalidwe yapadera kwambiri, monga matanthwe olunjika kapena ma overhangs, mizere ya contour ingawoneke ngati yoyandikana kwambiri, ngakhale ikulumikizana, koma osakumana kwenikweni muzoyimira zokhazikika.
3. Mipata ya Contour imakhazikika mu Mapu Imodzi
Nthawi yozungulira ndi kusiyana kwa kutalika pakati pa mizere iwiri yotsatizana ya mizere. Mwachitsanzo, ngati nthawi yozungulira ndi mamita 10, ndiye kuti kusiyana kwa kutalika kuchokera pamzere umodzi kupita ku wina nthawi zonse kumakhala mamita 10 (monga 100 m, 110 m, 120 m, ndi zina zotero). Nthawi yozungulira nthawi zambiri imalembedwa mu nthano ya mapu ndipo imasankhidwa kutengera sikelo ya mapu ndi mulingo wa tsatanetsatane wa malo omwe akujambulidwa.
4. Kuchuluka kwa mzere kumasonyeza kutsetsereka kotsetsereka
Kuchulukana kwa mizere yozungulira ndi chizindikiro chofunikira kwambiri chowoneka. Ngati mizere yozungulira ili pafupi kwambiri, zimasonyeza malo otsetsereka chifukwa kusintha kwa kutalika kumachitika pa mtunda waufupi wopingasa. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ngati mizere yozungulira ili kutali, derali ndi lofewa kapena lathyathyathya.
Makhalidwe amenewa amathandiza ogwiritsa ntchito mapu kuti aone kuchuluka kwa vuto la malo, chiopsezo cha kugwa kwa nthaka, komanso kuyenerera kwa malo oti apangidwe.
5. Pangani Chitsanzo Chinachake cha Mapiri ndi Zigwa
Mapangidwe a mizere ya contour angasonyeze mawonekedwe a nthaka:
– Phiri kapena phiri: mizere yozungulira imapanga bwalo lozungulira, ndipo kutalika kwake kumawonjezeka kupita pakati.
– Mabeseni kapena malo otsetsereka: mizere yozungulira imatsekedwanso, koma nthawi zambiri imalembedwa ndi zizindikiro zapadera (monga mizere yopingasa) ndipo kutalika kumakhala kochepa pakati.
– Chigwa: mizere yozungulira imapanga chilembo “V” cholozera kumtunda (kumalo okwera).
– Ridge: mawonekedwe a mtunda amapanga mawonekedwe a “V” kapena “U” omwe amatsogolera pansi (kulowera pamlingo wotsika).
Mwa kuzindikira mapangidwe awa, owerenga mapu amatha kumvetsetsa kapangidwe ka pamwamba popanda kuyang'ana ngakhale zithunzi za m'mlengalenga.
6. Pali mizere yolozera ndi mizere yapakati
Pa mapu ambiri a contour, pali mizere yokhuthala ya contour yolembedwa ndi elevations, yotchedwa index lines. Mizere iyi imapangitsa kuti owerenga azitha kudziwa mosavuta kutalika kwa malo. Pakati pa mizere ya index pali mizere yopyapyala ya contour yapakati.
Mwachitsanzo, mzere uliwonse wachisanu umapangidwa kukhala wokhuthala ngati chizindikiro, pomwe mizere inayi pakati ndi yopyapyala.
7. Kuwonetsa Mpumulo mu Miyeso Iwiri
Ngakhale kuti amaonetsa mawonekedwe a pamwamba pa Dziko Lapansi (lomwe lili ndi ma divi atatu), mamapu a contour amakhalabe ndi ma divi awiri. Ubwino wa mamapu a contour ndi kuthekera kwawo kufotokoza bwino zambiri za kukwera pamwamba pa malo athyathyathya, pomwe akulola ogwiritsa ntchito kutanthauzira kuchuluka kwa malo.
Ntchito ya Mapu a Mzere
Mamapu a contour si othandiza pa maphunziro a geography okha, komanso ali ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana m'magawo osiyanasiyana. Nazi zina mwa ntchito zazikulu za mamapu a contour.
1. Dziwani mawonekedwe a malo ndi kutalika kwa malo
Ntchito yaikulu ya mapu ozungulira ndikupereka chidziwitso chokhudza kukwera kwa dera ndi malo opumulirako. Mapu ozungulira amatithandiza kudziwa ngati dera lili lopanda kanthu, lamapiri, lamapiri, kapena lofanana ndi chigwa. Chidziwitsochi n'chofunikira pakuwunika malo, kasamalidwe ka zachilengedwe , komanso kukonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito malo.
2. Kukonzekera Chitukuko ndi Kukonzekera Malo
Mu mapulani a mizinda ndi madera, mapu a contour ndiye maziko odziwira malo omangira nyumba otetezeka komanso ogwira ntchito bwino. Kumanga nyumba, misewu ikuluikulu, njanji, madamu, komanso njira zotulutsira madzi kumafuna chidziwitso cha malo otsetsereka ndi okwera.
Mndandanda:
- Misewu nthawi zambiri imapangidwa kuti ipewe malo otsetsereka kwambiri kuti pakhale chitetezo komanso kuchepetsa ndalama zomangira.
– Mwanzeru, malo okhala sayenera kumangidwa m'malo omwe nthawi zambiri amasefukira madzi (otsika kwambiri) kapena omwe nthawi zambiri amagwetsedwa ndi nthaka (malo otsetsereka).
3. Kusanthula Madzi ndi Kusamalira Madzi
Mapu a ma contour amathandiza kudziwa komwe madzi akuyenda. Madzi amayenda kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi, ndipo mapangidwe a ma contour amatha kusonyeza njira za mitsinje, malo osungira madzi, ndi malo omwe angakhalepo kuti pakhale malo osungira madzi kapena madamu.
Mu uinjiniya wamadzi, mapu a contour amagwiritsidwa ntchito:
- yerekezani kuthekera kwa kusefukira kwa madzi,
- kukonza njira zothirira,
- dziwani malo opezera madzi,
- mvetsetsa kachitidwe ka kayendedwe ka madzi pamwamba.
4. Kuchepetsa Masoka Achilengedwe
Mapu a mizere ya nthaka amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pochepetsa masoka monga kugwa kwa nthaka, kusefukira kwa madzi mwadzidzidzi, ndi kukokoloka kwa nthaka. Malo otsetsereka okhala ndi mizere yoyandikana ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha kugwa kwa nthaka, makamaka ngati nthaka siili yokhazikika kapena zomera zili zoonda. Pakadali pano, madera otsika pafupi ndi mitsinje nthawi zambiri amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha kusefukira kwa madzi.
Pogwiritsa ntchito mapu a contour, akuluakulu a boma angathe:
- dziwani madera omwe masoka angachitike,
- pangani dongosolo lothawirako,
- konzani kugwiritsa ntchito malo kuti muchepetse zoopsa za masoka.
5. Ntchito Zofufuza ndi Uinjiniya
Mu uinjiniya wa zomangamanga ndi zomangamanga, mamapu a contour amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ndi kuwerengera ntchito za nthaka (kudula ndi kudzaza). Chidziwitso cha kutalika chimathandiza kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa nthaka yomwe iyenera kukumba kapena kudzazidwa kuti malo akhale okonzeka kumangidwa.
Kuphatikiza apo, mapu a contour amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu:
- kumanga milatho ndi ngalande,
- kukonzekera mapaipi ndi zingwe,
- kapangidwe ka njira zotulutsira madzi ndi ukhondo.
6. Kuyenda Panyanja ndi Zochita Zakunja
Kwa okwera mapiri, ofufuza zachilengedwe, kapena okonda malo akunja, mapu a contour ndi othandiza kwambiri pa:
- sankhani njira yokwerera mapiri yomwe ikugwirizana ndi luso lanu,
- yerekezerani kukwera ndi kutsika,
- pewani matanthwe kapena malo ovuta kwambiri,
- neneratu komwe madzi ali (zigwa nthawi zambiri zimakhala njira yoyendera madzi).
Kudziwa bwino mapu a mapu kungathandize kuti ulendo ukhale wotetezeka komanso wothandiza.
7. Maphunziro ndi Kafukufuku
M'masukulu ndi mayunivesite, mamapu a contour amagwira ntchito ngati chida chophunzirira kumvetsetsa malo, geomorphology, ndi njira zomwe zimaumba pamwamba pa Dziko Lapansi. Pofufuza, mamapu a contour amathandiza kusanthula kusintha kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka nthaka, kupanga chitsanzo cha kukokoloka kwa nthaka, ndi maphunziro okhudza chilengedwe.
Kutseka
Mapu a contour ndi zida zowoneka bwino kwambiri zowonetsera pamwamba pa Dziko Lapansi kudzera m'mizere yoyimira malo okwera ofanana. Makhalidwe awo—monga mizere ya contour yosalumikizana, mipata yokhazikika ya contour, kuchulukana kwa mizere komwe kumasonyeza ma slope gradients, ndi mapangidwe osiyana m'mapiri ndi zigwa—amawapangitsa kukhala oyenera kuwerenga ndi kusanthula mwadongosolo. Ntchito zawo ndi zazikulu, kuyambira kukonzekera chitukuko ndi kusamalira madzi mpaka kuchepetsa masoka ndi ntchito zaukadaulo mpaka kuyenda panja.
Mwa kumvetsetsa mamapu a contour, sitingathe kungowawerenga bwino komanso kupanga zisankho zodziwa bwino za kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kuyang'anira malo. Ngati agwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala, mamapu a contour angapereke ubwino waukulu pa chitetezo, ntchito yabwino yomanga, komanso kukhazikika kwa chilengedwe.
