Mutu: Mitundu ya Dothi ndi Makhalidwe Awo mu Geography
Dothi ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri komanso losasinthika la chilengedwe cha Dziko Lapansi. Sikuti limathandiza zomera zokha komanso limapereka malo okhala ndi zamoyo zosiyanasiyana ndipo limagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa kayendedwe ka madzi ndi michere. M'malo mwake, dothi lili ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi makhalidwe , zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi zinthu monga nyengo, zinthu zomwe zimabereka, malo, nthawi, ndi zochita zamoyo. Nkhaniyi ikambirana mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nthaka ndi makhalidwe ake, komanso udindo wawo wofunikira pa zachilengedwe ndi chilengedwe.
1. Dothi lopanda madzi
Makhalidwe:
Dothi la alluvial nthawi zambiri limapezeka m'madera malo otsika Amapangidwa ndi madzi oundana. Dothi ili lili ndi mawonekedwe osalala mpaka osalala, kutengera kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayikidwa m'madzi. Dothi lozungulira lili ndi zinthu zambiri zachilengedwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti likhale lachonde kwambiri komanso labwino kwambiri pa ntchito zaulimi.
Kugawa:
Dothi la alluvial nthawi zambiri limapezeka m'malo akuluakulu otsetsereka a mitsinje, zigwa za mitsinje, ndi m'malo otsetsereka a kusefukira kwa madzi. Zitsanzo zodziwika bwino ndi monga malo otsetsereka a mitsinje ya Nile, Ganges, ndi Amazon.
Udindo wa Zachilengedwe:
Malo amenewa ndi ofunika kwambiri pa ulimi wa chakudya chifukwa cha chonde chake, chomwe chimathandiza ulimi waukulu m'madera ambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
2. Dothi la Laterite
Makhalidwe:
Dothi la Laterite lili ndi iron ndi aluminiyamu oxides zambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti likhale lofiira kapena lachikasu. Dothili nthawi zambiri limakhala lopanda zinthu zachilengedwe komanso michere chifukwa cha madzi amvula omwe amalowa m'nthaka. Laterite ndi yolimba kwambiri ikauma koma imakhala dongo kwambiri ikakhala yonyowa.
Kugawa:
Dothi la laterite nthawi zambiri limapezeka m'madera otentha okhala ndi mvula pamwamba, monga m'nkhalango ya Amazon, Central Africa, ndi Southeast Asia.
Udindo wa Zachilengedwe:
Ngakhale kuti nthaka ya laterite si yachonde kwambiri, imathandiza zomera zomwe zimazolowera nyengo yosowa michere. Kusamalira bwino, kuphatikizapo kusinthana kwa mbewu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wachilengedwe, kungathandize kuti zibereke bwino.
3. Dothi la Podzol
Makhalidwe:
Dothi la Podzol lili ndi gawo lokhuthala la organic pamwamba ndi gawo lotuwa, la asidi pansi pake. Limapangidwa kuchokera ku njira ya podsolization, pomwe mchere monga chitsulo ndi aluminiyamu zimachotsedwa kuchokera pamwamba ndikukhazikika pansi. Podzol nthawi zambiri imakhala yopanda michere komanso ya asidi.
Kugawa:
Ma Podzol amapezeka kwambiri m'mafakitale monga malo ofunda bwino kutentha mpaka kuzizira, monga m'nkhalango za taiga kapena boreal ku Russia, Canada, ndi Scandinavia.
Udindo wa Zachilengedwe:
Ngakhale kuti nthaka ya podzol si yachonde, imathandizira zachilengedwe za nkhalango zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri zamoyo zosiyanasiyana ndi kulinganiza kwa nyengo padziko lonse lapansi.
4. Dothi la Alfisol
Makhalidwe:
Ma Alfisols ali ndi michere yambiri ndipo amatha kusinthana bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti akhale ndi chonde kwambiri. Dothi ili nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi A horizon yokhuthala (nthaka yapamwamba) yokhala ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zambiri, ndi B horizon yokhala ndi mchere wa dongo.
Kugawa:
Dothi la Alfisol nthawi zambiri limapezeka m'derali kutentha mpaka kutentha, kuphatikizapo ku United States, India, ndi Brazil.
Udindo wa Zachilengedwe:
Ma Alfisols ndi ofunikira kwambiri paulimi, makamaka pa zomera zosatha monga mitengo ndi zitsamba. Kupezeka kwa madzi abwino ndi michere kumathandiza kukula kwa mbewu zazikulu monga chimanga, tirigu, ndi soya.
5. Dothi la Vertisol
Makhalidwe:
Dothi la Vertisol lili ndi dongo lochuluka kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti likhale lalikulu komanso losweka likauma. Vertisol imatha kuyamwa madzi ambiri koma imathanso kukhala yolimba kwambiri ikauma.
Kugawa:
Ma Vertisol amapezeka m'madera otentha komanso otentha omwe ali ndi nyengo zosiyanasiyana zamvula ndi zouma, monga Sudan, India, ndi Australia.
Udindo wa Zachilengedwe:
Ngakhale kuti Vertisols zingakhale zovuta kulima chifukwa cha kukula kwake, nthaka imeneyi imatha kukhala yachonde ikasamalidwa bwino. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zabwino zaulimi ndikofunikira kuti pakhale zokolola zambiri.
6. Dothi la Gelisol
Makhalidwe:
Dothi la Gelisol limapangidwa m'malo omwe ali ndi chisanu chokhazikika kapena kuzizira kwa nthawi yayitali, komwe chisanu chokhazikika chimakhala chachikulu. Dothi ili lili ndi mawonekedwe okhuthala a O (organic layer), koma nthawi zambiri limatsekedwa ndi chisanu chokhazikika pansi pake.
Kugawa:
Ma Gelisol amapezeka ku North ndi South Poles, komanso m'zigwa za tundra za Siberia, Alaska, ndi Canada.
Udindo wa Zachilengedwe:
Kusungunula chisanu chifukwa cha kutentha kwa dziko lapansi kungatulutse mpweya wambiri womwe unagwidwa kale mu chisanu, zomwe zingachedwetse kusintha kwa nyengo.
7. Dothi la Mollisol
Makhalidwe:
Ma mollisol amadziwika kuti ndi ochulukirapo kwambiri, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi nthaka yolimba komanso yochuluka m'nthaka. Kapangidwe ka nthaka yawo yosasunthika kamathandiza kuti mizu ya zomera ikule bwino.
Kugawa:
Dothi la mollisol limapezeka makamaka m'malo obiriwira ku North America, South America, Russia, ndi Mongolia.
Udindo wa Zachilengedwe:
Ma mollisol ndi ofunikira kwambiri pakulima tirigu, chimanga, ndi mbewu zina za chimanga. Amapatsa chakudya anthu ambiri m'madera awo.
8. Dothi la Aridisol
Makhalidwe:
Ma Aridisol amapezeka m'malo ouma ndipo amakhala ndi zinthu zochepa zachilengedwe komanso mchere wambiri. Dothi ili nthawi zambiri limakhala lolimba komanso louma ndipo nthaka yake ndi yochepa.
Kugawa:
Dothi la Aridisol nthawi zambiri limapezeka m'zipululu ndi m'malo ouma monga ku Sahara, Arabian Peninsula, ndi Southwest America.
Udindo wa Zachilengedwe:
Dothi la Aridisol limathandizira zomera zomwe zimazolowera nyengo youma, monga cacti ndi xerophytes. Kugwiritsa ntchito nthaka iyi m'ulimi nthawi zambiri kumafuna kuthirira kwambiri.
Mawu omaliza
Kumvetsetsa mitundu ya nthaka ndi makhalidwe ake n'kofunika kwambiri pankhani ya malo ndi chilengedwe. Mtundu uliwonse wa nthaka uli ndi makhalidwe ake apadera omwe amakhudza zokolola zake, mtundu wa zomera zomwe zingamere, komanso kasamalidwe kabwino kwambiri kuti chilengedwe chikhale bwino. Ndipotu, nthaka ndi chuma chachilengedwe chofunikira komanso chamtengo wapatali chomwe chimafunika kusamalidwa mosamala kuti chilengedwe chikhale cholimba komanso kuti ulimi ukhale wolimba.
