Kumvetsetsa Njira Zambiri Zogwiritsira Ntchito Chinyezi
Pendauluan
Chinyezi cha zinthu zambiri ndi ukadaulo womwe ukusintha mofulumira pa kufufuza ndi kupanga ma hydrocarbon. Njira imeneyi imadalira kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mafunde a chinyezi kuti ipereke chithunzi chatsatanetsatane cha kapangidwe ka nthaka pansi pa nthaka. Pogwiritsa ntchito deta kuchokera ku zigawo zosiyanasiyana za mafunde a chinyezi, njira za chinyezi cha zinthu zambiri zimatha kupereka chidziwitso cholondola komanso chozama kuposa njira zachikhalidwe za chinyezi. Nkhaniyi ikambirana mfundo zoyambira , njira, ubwino, ndi ntchito mumakampani amafuta ndi gasi.
Malingaliro Oyambirira a Chisinthiko Chazigawo Zambiri
Njira zambiri zoyezera chivomerezi zimaphatikizapo kuyeza mafunde a chivomerezi m'zigawo zingapo: mafunde okakamiza (mafunde a P), mafunde odula (mafunde a S), ndipo nthawi zina mafunde a pamwamba. Lingaliro ili limasiyana ndi njira zachikhalidwe zoyezera chivomerezi, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimayesa mafunde a P okha. Mtundu uliwonse wa mafunde umakhala ndi chidziwitso chapadera chokhudza miyala ndi madzi omwe amadutsamo.
1. Mafunde a P (Mafunde Oyambirira): Mafunde awa ndi othamanga kwambiri ndipo ndi oyamba kuzindikirika ndi ma geophone. Mafunde a P amafalikira kudzera mu miyala mwa kukanikiza ndi kutambasula zinthuzo panjira yawo. Amapereka chidziwitso chokhudza mawonekedwe a kutalika kwa cholumikizira chomwe amadutsamo.
2. Mafunde a S (Mafunde Achiwiri): Mafunde awa ndi ochedwa kuposa mafunde a P ndipo amapezeka mwachiwiri. Mafunde a S amafalikira mwa kudula zinthu molunjika komwe akupita. Amapereka chidziwitso chokhudza momwe miyala imakhalira yopingasa.
3. Mafunde a Pamwamba: Mafunde awa amafalikira padziko lapansi ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ovuta chifukwa amaphatikizapo kuphatikiza kwa mafunde a P ndi S. Ngakhale kuti mafunde a pamwamba nthawi zambiri amaonedwa ngati phokoso mu zivomerezi zachikhalidwe, angaperekenso chidziwitso chowonjezera mu zivomerezi zamitundu yambiri.
Njira
Kuyeza ndi Kupeza Deta
Kupeza deta ya zivomerezi zambiri kumaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito ma geophone apadera omwe amatha kujambula kayendedwe ka tinthu ta dothi mbali zitatu (x, y, ndi z). Gawo lililonse la chizindikiro chojambulidwachi limapereka chidziwitso chosiyana chokhudza kapangidwe ka geological.
Njira yopezera deta imaphatikizapo njira zotsatirazi:
1. Kuyika kwa Geophone: Ma geophone a magawo atatu (ma geophone a 3-C) amaikidwa pamalo oyenera pamzere wofufuzira.
2. Magwero a Mafunde a Chivomerezi: Magwero a chivomerezi, monga ma vibrators kapena dynamite, amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafunde a chivomerezi omwe amafalikira pansi ndikubwerera pamwamba pambuyo powunikira.
3. Kujambula Deta: Mafunde owonekera omwe akubwerera pamwamba amagwidwa ndi ma geophone. Geophone iliyonse imalemba mayendedwe apansi m'zigawo zitatu: wolunjika (z), wozungulira wopingasa (x), ndi wopingasa wopingasa (y).
Kukonza deta
Kukonza deta ya seismic yokhala ndi zigawo zambiri kumakhala kovuta kwambiri kuposa kukonza deta ya seismic yokhala ndi gawo limodzi. Njira zazikulu zogwiritsira ntchito deta ndi izi:
1. Kuchotsa phokoso: Kuchotsa phokoso losafunikira kapena kusokoneza deta yosafunikira.
2. Kuchotsa mphamvu: Kumachotsa zotsatira za mafunde a magwero kuti kuwonjezere mphamvu ya nthawi.
3. Kukonza Mosasinthasintha: Kumakonza kusintha kwa nthawi yoyenda kwa mafunde komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa kukwera ndi nthaka pamwamba.
4. Kulekanitsa Zigawo: Kumalekanitsa deta ya mafunde a P ndi S kuti iwunikidwenso.
5. Kusamuka: Kugawa zizindikiro zowunikira ku mfundo zenizeni pansi pa nthaka pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha liwiro la chivomerezi.
Kutanthauzira
Pambuyo pokonza deta, gawo lotsatira ndi kutanthauzira. Deta ya P- ndi S-wave imaphatikizidwa kuti ipereke chithunzi chokwanira cha kapangidwe ka geological. Kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu za seismic monga interval velocity, Poisson reflectivity, ndi elastic impedance anomalies kumathandiza kuzindikira makhalidwe a miyala ndi madzi a pansi pa nthaka.
Ubwino wa Zivomezi Zambiri
Chivomerezi cha zivomerezi cha multicomponent chimapereka maubwino ambiri poyerekeza ndi njira zachikhalidwe zochitira zivomerezi:
1. Kufotokozera Molondola Kwambiri Magawo a Pansi pa Malo: Pogwiritsa ntchito deta kuchokera ku mafunde a P ndi S, titha kupeza chithunzi cholondola kwambiri cha mawonekedwe otanuka a miyala ndi madzi omwe ali pansi pa malo.
2. Kuzindikira Madzi: Mafunde a S sangafalikire kudzera m'madzi oyera, kotero pofufuza deta ya mafunde a S, malo omwe pali malo osungiramo madzi a hydrocarbon amatha kudziwika.
3. Kusanthula kwa Anisotropy: Kugwedezeka kwa nthaka kwa zinthu zambiri kumalola kuzindikira anisotropy, kapena kusiyanasiyana kwa zinthu zakuthupi za miyala m'njira zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zingakhale zofunikira pakujambula malo osungiramo madzi.
4. Kumvetsetsa Ma Tectonics ndi Kusweka kwa Magazi: Chidziwitso chochokera ku mafunde a S chingathandize kumvetsetsa momwe mafunde amasweka komanso momwe zinthu zimakhudzira pansi pa nthaka, zomwe ndizofunikira pakubowola ndi kukonzekera kupanga.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito mu Makampani a Mafuta ndi Gasi
Njira zogwiritsira ntchito zivomerezi zambiri zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pofufuza ndi kupanga ma hydrocarbon pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana:
1. Kufufuza ndi Kugawa Denga la Madzi Osungiramo Madzi: Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira ndi kujambula malo osungiramo madzi a haidrokaboni molondola kwambiri.
2. Kuwunika kwa Mphamvu ya Munda: Ndi tsatanetsatane wa momwe miyala imakhalira yolimba, akatswiri amatha kuwunika bwino momwe mphamvu ya munda imagwirira ntchito.
3. Kuwunika Kupanga: 4D seismic (time-lapse seismics) imagwiritsa ntchito deta yazinthu zambiri kuti iwunikire kusintha kwa dziwe panthawi yopanga, zomwe zimathandiza pakuwongolera bwino dziwe.
4. Kusanthula Zachilengedwe: Kugwiritsa ntchito mafunde a S kungathandize kuzindikira ndi kuyang'anira kutuluka kwa madzi kapena kuipitsidwa kuchokera ku dziwe kupita ku madzi apansi panthaka.
Mapeto
Kugwedezeka kwa nthaka ndi chida champhamvu chomvetsetsa kapangidwe ka nthaka mwatsatanetsatane komanso molondola kuposa njira zamakono zogwedezeka kwa nthaka. Pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mafunde a nthaka, ukadaulo uwu ukhoza kupereka chidziwitso chowonjezera chokhudza momwe miyala ndi madzi a pansi pa nthaka zilili, zomwe zimathandiza kwambiri pakufufuza ndi kupanga ma hydrocarbon. Ngakhale kuti njira yopezera ndi kukonza deta ndi yovuta kwambiri, ubwino wogwiritsa ntchito kugwedezeka kwa nthaka ndi woposa mavuto onse, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yopambana kwambiri mumakampani amafuta ndi gasi.
