Kapangidwe ka Thupi ndi Mankhwala a Mpweya Wabwino
Mpweya wabwino kwambiri - helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), ndi radon (Rn) - zili m'gulu la 18 la tebulo la periodic. Zinthu izi zimadziwika chifukwa cha kukhazikika kwawo kwapadera komanso kusowa kwa reactivity pansi pa mikhalidwe yokhazikika. Khalidwe lapaderali limachokera ku zipolopolo zawo zonse za ma electron, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zolimba kwambiri popanga ma bond a mankhwala. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za mphamvu zakuthupi ndi zamakemikolo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya wabwino kwambiri ukhale ndi makhalidwe osiyana komanso osangalatsa.
Katundu Wachilengedwe wa Mpweya Wabwino
1. Ma Radii a Atomiki ndi Ionic
Mpweya wabwino umawonetsa kuwonjezeka kosalekeza kwa ma radii a atomiki pamene munthu akutsika kuchokera ku helium kupita ku radon. Kuwonjezeka kumeneku kungachitike chifukwa cha kuwonjezera ma electron shells ndi chinthu chilichonse chotsatizana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti atomiki ikhale ndi voliyumu yambiri.
2. Malo Owira ndi Kusungunuka
Mpweya wabwino uli ndi malo otsika owira ndi kusungunuka poyerekeza ndi zinthu zina. Pakati pawo, helium ili ndi malo otsika owira (-268.9 °C) ndi malo otsika osungunuka (-272.2 °C), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale chinthu chokhacho chomwe chimakhalabe chamadzimadzi pa kutentha kotsika kwambiri komwe kungatheke mu labotale. Malo otentha ndi kusungunuka amawonjezeka ndi chiwerengero cha atomiki. Mwachitsanzo, Xenon imawira pa -108.1 °C ndikusungunuka pa -111.8 °C. Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha mphamvu zazikulu za van der Waals mu mpweya wolemera kwambiri, zomwe zimafuna mphamvu zambiri kuti zisinthe pakati pa mayiko.
3. Kuchulukana
Kuchulukana kwa mpweya wabwino kumawonjezeka ndi chiwerengero cha atomu, makamaka chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa kulemera pamene munthu akupita patsogolo kuchoka pa helium kupita ku radon. Helium ndi yopepuka kwambiri, yokhala pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu ndi awiri a kuchuluka kwa mpweya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yotchuka podzaza mabaluni ndi zombo zamlengalenga.
4. Kusungunuka
Mpweya wabwino umasungunuka pang'ono m'madzi. Helium ili ndi kusungunuka kochepa kwambiri, pomwe xenon ili ndi kusungunuka kwakukulu. Kusungunuka kumeneku, ngakhale kuti ndi kochepa, ndikofunikira pa ntchito monga anesthesiology, komwe kusungunuka kwa xenon m'madzi achilengedwe kumapangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera ngati mankhwala oletsa ululu.
5. Kutentha kwa Matenthedwe
Helium ili ndi mphamvu yotulutsa kutentha kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mpweya wina. Mphamvu imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale apadera oziziritsira, monga makina a cryogenics ndi MRI. Pamene tikuyenda pansi pa gululo, mphamvu yotulutsa kutentha imachepa kwambiri.
Katundu wa Mankhwala a Mpweya Wabwino
Mpweya wabwino wakhala ukuonedwa kuti ndi wopanda mphamvu chifukwa cha zipolopolo zawo zonse za ma elekitironi a valence, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimawalepheretsa kupanga zinthu zosinthika. Komabe, zomwe zapezeka pakati pa zaka za m'ma 20 zavumbula kuti, pansi pa zochitika zina, amatha kupanga zinthu zosakanikirana, zomwe zimatsutsa mbiri yawo ya kusakhala ndi mphamvu kwa mankhwala.
1. Kuchitapo kanthu
Kuchuluka kwa mpweya wabwino kumawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono. Helium ndi neon sizigwira ntchito bwino nthawi zonse. Komabe, Argon, krypton, xenon, ndi radon zimatha kupanga zinthu, makamaka ndi fluorine ndi mpweya. Xenon, makamaka, imapanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana, monga xenon hexafluoride (XeF6) ndi xenon tetroxide (XeO4). Kuwonjezeka kwa polarizability ndi kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya ionization mu mpweya wabwino kwambiri zimathandiza kuti zinthu ziyambe kuyenda bwino kwambiri.
2. Kupanga Zinthu Zophatikizana
– Xenon Compounds: Xenon imapanga ma fluoride ndi ma oxide angapo, omwe ndi ofunikira chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake kosangalatsa komanso momwe angagwiritsire ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, xenon difluoride (XeF2), imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chothandizira champhamvu cha fluorinating mu kapangidwe ka organic.
– Krypton Compounds: Krypton imadziwika kuti imapanga krypton difluoride (KrF2), yomwe imasonyeza mphamvu ya mpweya wabwino yolumikizana ndi mankhwala m'mikhalidwe yovuta.
3. Mphamvu Yogwirizana ndi Ma Electron ndi Ionization
Mpweya wabwino uli ndi mphamvu zazikulu za ionization, zomwe zimachepa kuchokera ku helium kupita ku radon. Mphamvu ya ionization ndi mphamvu yofunikira kuti ichotse elekitironi kuchokera ku atomu ya gasi kapena ion. Mphamvu yayikulu ya ionization iyi imalimbitsa chibadwa chawo chosagwira ntchito chifukwa sichingawathandize kutaya ma elekitironi. Chifukwa chake, mpweya wabwino uli ndi ma electron affinities otsika kwambiri, nthawi zambiri pafupifupi zero, zomwe zimasonyeza kusowa kwawo chizolowezi chopeza ma elekitironi.
Mpweya Wabwino Kwambiri Mu Ntchito Zothandiza
Kupatula kumvetsetsa makhalidwe awo enieni, mpweya wabwino uli ndi ntchito zambiri zomwe zimachokera ku makhalidwe awo apadera.
1. Heliyumu
Helium ndi yofunika kwambiri mu cryogenics chifukwa cha kutentha kwake kochepa. Kuphatikiza apo, kusagwira kwake ntchito komanso kusakhala kwake ndi kachulukidwe kochepa kumapangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabaluni ndi m'ndege. Posambira pansi pa nyanja, helium imalowa m'malo mwa nayitrogeni m'mpweya wopuma kuti ipewe nayitrogeni.
2. Neon
Neon imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'ma signage owala kwambiri chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zotulutsa mpweya zikagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ion. Komanso, imagwira ntchito mu ma signal amphamvu komanso ma vapor tubes.
3. Argon
Argon imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri powotcherera ndi ntchito zina zamafakitale zotentha kwambiri kuti pakhale mlengalenga wopanda mpweya, kuteteza zotsatira zosafunikira za mankhwala. Mu kuwala kwa incandescent ndi fluorescent, mpweya wa argon umathandiza kupewa okosijeni wa ulusi.
4. Krypton ndi Xenon
Krypton ndi xenon zimagwiritsidwa ntchito powunikira ndi kujambula zithunzi. Krypton imagwiritsidwa ntchito pojambula zithunzi, pomwe xenon imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu nyali zamphamvu kwambiri, kuphatikizapo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ma beacons a nyali ndi ma projector a zithunzi zoyenda. Mphamvu ya Xenon yoletsa ululu imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo azachipatala, ngakhale kuti mtengo wake wokwera umalepheretsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
5. Radoni
Ngakhale kuti radon ndi yowopsa kwambiri pa thanzi lake komanso imakhudzanso thanzi lake, yafufuzidwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito pochiza khansa. Komabe, chifukwa chakuti ingayambitse khansa ya m'mapapo, kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kuli kochepa ndipo kumayendetsedwa bwino.
Kutsiliza
Mpweya wabwino, wokhala ndi mawonekedwe ake apadera komanso mankhwala, umakhalabe nkhani yosangalatsa kwambiri yasayansi komanso yothandiza kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti mphamvu zake zimakhala zochepa, mphamvu ya mpweya wabwino kwambiri yopanga zinthu pansi pa mikhalidwe inayake imatsegula njira zosangalatsa zofufuzira mankhwala. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo, kuyambira njira zamafakitale mpaka kugwiritsa ntchito zamankhwala, kumapitilirabe kusintha pamene kumvetsetsa kwathu zinthu zodabwitsazi kukukulirakulira. Chifukwa chake, kuphunzira za mpweya wabwino kumakhalabe kofunikira, kupitirizabe kuthandizira kupita patsogolo m'magawo osiyanasiyana asayansi ndi ukadaulo.
