Hangarau Whakawhitiwhiti Ahumahi
He tūāpapa nui te hangarau whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ā-ahumahi mō te whakahaere i ngā wheketere hou, ngā whare hanga hinu, ngā whare pūngao, ngā mahi keri, me ngā whare putunga ratonga. I roto i ngā taiao ahumahi, ehara i te mea ko te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero anake te hononga o te tangata ki te tangata engari ko te hononga hoki o ngā mīhini ki ngā mīhini, ngā pūoko ki ngā pūnaha whakahaere, me ngā raraunga whakahaere ki ngā kaiwhakatau. Nā te whanaketanga o te Ahumahi 4.0 kua nui ake te hiranga o te hangarau whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ā-ahumahi, nā te mea me kaha ake te mahi a ngā kamupene, kia haumaru ake, kia urutau ake, kia kaha hoki ki te whakatau i ngā whakataunga e ahu mai ana i ngā raraunga i te wā tūturu.
Whakamāramatanga me te Whānuitanga
I te nuinga o te wā, ko te hangarau whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ā-ahumahi e pā ana ki ngā taputapu, whatunga, kawa, me ngā pūnaha e āhei ai te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i roto i ngā taiao ahumahi. Kei roto i ēnei mōhiohio ngā tohu whakahaere, te tūnga mīhini, ngā raraunga pūoko, ngā whakaoho haumaru, tae atu ki ngā pūrongo whakaputa. Kei roto i te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ā-ahumahi ngā paparanga maha, mai i ngā taputapu taumata mara pērā i ngā pūoko me ngā kaiwhakaoho, ki te taumata whakahaere pērā i ngā PLC (Ngā Kaiwhakahaere Arorau Ka Taea te Whakahōtaka) me ngā DCS (Ngā Pūnaha Whakahaere Tohatoha), ki ngā taumata tirotiro me te whakahaere pērā i te SCADA, MES (Ngā Pūnaha Whakahaere Hanga), me te ERP.
Kei roto i tōna whānuitanga ngā whatunga waea me te ahokore, ngā kawa whakawhitiwhiti kōrero , te haumarutanga whatunga ahumahi, te whakaurunga pūnaha, me te whakahaere raraunga pēnei i te hītori me te tātari. I roto i te maha o ngā wheketere hou, kei roto hoki i ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ahumahi te hononga ki te kapua me ngā tono IoT ahumahi mō te aroturuki mamao.
Te Tūranga Matua i roto i ngā Mahi Ahumahi
Mā te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero pono ka taea ai ngā tukanga whakaputa pumau. Ina pānuihia e ngā pūoko te pāmahana, te pēhanga, te wiri rānei, me tae atu aua raraunga ki ngā kaiwhakahaere kia tere, kia tika hoki kia taea ai e te pūnaha te whakatika. Hei tāpiri, ka tautokohia e ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ahumahi te tiaki matapae: ka taea te tātari i ngā raraunga wiri motuka e tukuna tonutia ana hei matapae i ngā hapa i mua i te puta. Ko te pānga ka whakaitihia te wā whakatā, ka piki ake te haumaru, me te whai huatanga o te pūngao me ngā rauemi.
I te taha whakahaere, ko ngā raraunga whakaputanga ka tukuna ki ngā pūnaha MES, ERP rānei, ka āwhina i te whakaritenga, te whakamahere rawa, me te aroturuki kounga. Nō reira, ka honoa e ngā whakawhitiwhitinga kōrero ahumahi te āputa i waenga i te ao tūturu i runga i te papa whakaputa me ngā pūnaha mōhiohio a te kamupene.
Ngā Momo Whatunga i roto i te Ahumahi
1. Whatunga Waea
Ko ngā whatunga waea tonu te mea matua i roto i te maha o ngā whare nā te mea he pumau, he ātete hoki ki te whakararuraru. Ko ētahi o ngā hangarau e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko:
– Ethernet Ahumahi: He momo Ethernet i hangaia mō ngā taiao uaua, pērā i a PROFINET, EtherNet/IP, me Modbus TCP. Ka taea e te Ethernet Ahumahi te kawe i ngā raraunga nui, ka tautoko i ngā momo whatunga ngāwari, ā, ka taea kua whakauruhia ki te whatunga IT.
– Fieldbus: Ngā hangarau tawhito engari e whakamahia whānuitia ana, pērā i a PROFIBUS, Modbus RTU, CANopen, me te FOUNDATION Fieldbus. Kua hangaia te Fieldbus mō te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero whakatau i waenga i ngā taputapu mara me ngā kaiwhakahaere.
– Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero Raupapa: Hei tauira, ko te RS-232 me te RS-485, e whakamahia ana mō ētahi tawhiti me ngā hiahia ngāwari, inā koa mō ngā taputapu tawhito e mahi tonu ana.
Ko ngā painga o ngā whatunga waea ko te iti o te whakaroa, te kaha o te manawanui, me te pai ake o te haumarutanga ā-tinana. Heoi, he utu nui, he roa hoki te tāutanga o ngā taura, ā, kāore e ngāwari mena ka huri pinepine te tahora o te wheketere.
2. Whatunga Ahokore (Ahokore)
Kei te tere tipu te ahokore nā te mea e tautoko ana i te nekenekehanga me te tere o te whakatinanatanga. Hei tauira:
– Wi-Fi ahumahi mō te hono i ngā taputapu pūkoro, ngā HMI kawe, me ngā mīhini i ngā wāhi uaua ki te hono waea.
– Nihokikorangi me te BLE mō ngā pūoko tata me ngā taputapu tiaki.
– Ngā LPWAN pēnei i a LoRaWAN mō ngā pūoko mamao iti-mana, hei tauira i roto i ngā maina, i ngā whare nui rānei.
– Ngā whatunga pūkoro 4G/5G me ngā whatunga 5G tūmataiti, e tuku ana i te iti o te whakaroa me te whānui o te hononga mō ngā tono nui.
Ko ngā wero o te ahokore ko te wawaotanga hikohiko, ngā arai ā-tinana pērā i ngā pakitara whakarewa, me ngā mōrearea haumarutanga teitei ake, e hiahia ana kia kaha te whakamunatanga me te manatoko.
Ngā Kawa Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero e Whakamahia Whānuitia ana
Ko ngā kawa ngā "reo" e whakamahia ana e ngā taputapu hei mārama tetahi ki tetahi. Ko ētahi o ngā kawa nui i roto i te umanga ko:
– Modbus: Ko tētahi o ngā kawa tino rongonui, tino māmā, ā, e tautokona whānuitia ana. E wātea ana i roto i ngā putanga RTU (raupapa) me TCP (Ethernet).
– OPC UA (Open Platform Communications Unified Architecture): He kawa hou e tautoko ana i te mahi tahi, te haumarutanga, me ngā hanganga raraunga uaua. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te OPC UA mō te whakaurunga pūnaha me te hononga kapua.
– PROFINET me PROFIBUS: He mea noa i roto i ngā mahi aunoa a Siemens, ā, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā whare hanga.
– EtherNet/IP: E whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te pūnaha Rockwell Automation, e ahu mai ana i te CIP (Common Industrial Protocol).
– MQTT: He rongonui i roto i te IoT ahumahi mō te tuku raraunga māmā me te tauira whakaputa-ohauru.
Ka pāngia te kōwhiringa kawa e ngā whakaritenga kua whakaritea, te hototahi o ngā taputapu, te haumarutanga, me te ngāwari o te whakaurunga.
Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero Wā-Tūturu me te Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero Whakatau
I roto i te ahumahi, he maha ngā tono e hiahia ana ki te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero kua whakaritea, ko te tikanga me tae mai ngā raraunga i te wā tika kia pumau ai te mana whakahaere. Hei tauira, te mana whakahaere motuka, te karetao, ngā tukanga matū tere rānei. Kei te piki haere te rongonui o ngā hangarau pēnei i te Whatunga Wā-Aro (TSN) nā te mea ka taea e rātou te whakatutuki i ngā āheinga wā-tūturu me te tukutahitanga wā me te whakatau i te kaupapa matua o te haere o ngā raraunga ki te Ethernet paerewa . E whakaarohia ana ko te TSN te mea e hono ana i ngā hiahia o te OT (Hangarau Whakahaere) me te IT, me te whakarite i te ara mō tētahi wheketere whakauru ake.
Te Haumarutanga Ipurangi i roto i ngā Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero Ahumahi
I te hononga o ngā pūnaha ahumahi ki ngā whatunga whānui ake—tae atu ki te ipurangi—ka piki ake te mōrearea o ngā whakaekenga ipurangi. Ka taea e ngā whakaeke te whakararuraru i te whakaputanga, te turuturu raraunga, tae atu ki ngā tūponotanga haumaru. Nō reira, me whakatairanga i te haumarutanga ngā whakawhitiwhitinga kōrero ahumahi, tae atu ki:
– Te wehewehenga whatunga (te wehewehe i ngā rohe OT me ngā rohe IT)
– Ngā pareārai ahi ahumahi me ngā pūnaha kimi urutomo
– Te whakahaere urunga kaiwhakamahi me te manatoko kaha
– Te whakamunatanga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, inā koa i runga i ngā hononga ahokore me te urunga mamao
– Te whakahaere papaki me te aroturuki tonu
Ko ngā paerewa pēnei i te IEC 62443 e whakamahia ana hei tohutoro mō te hanga i te haumarutanga o ngā pūnaha aunoatanga ahumahi.
Ngā Raraunga IoT Ahumahi me te Whakaurunga Kapua
E hiahiatia ana ngā raraunga mai i te papa whakaputa mō te tātari i roto i te umanga hou. Mā te IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things), ka taea e ngā taputapu me ngā pūoko te tuku raraunga ki tētahi tūāpapa kapua mō te tātari, te ako mīhini, me ngā papaaho whakahaere. Mā tēnei ka taea te aroturuki i ngā pae maha, te arotau i te whakaputa puta noa i ngā wheketere, me te whakamahere tiaki atamai ake.
Heoi, me whai whakaaro te whakaurunga kapua ki te whakaroa, ngā utu whānui, me te whakahaere raraunga. Hei whakatika i tēnei, ka whakamahia te ariā o te rorohiko taha: ka tukatukahia ngā raraunga tata ki tōna pūtake (i roto i te wheketere) i mua i te tukunga ki te kapua. Mā te taha ka tere te whakatau, ka whakaitihia hoki te kawenga whatunga.
Ngā Auahatanga o te Hangarau Whakawhitiwhiti Ahumahi ā-Ao
Ko ētahi o ngā au ka whanake tonu ko:
1. He 5G tūmataiti mō ngā wheketere me ngā wāhi ahumahi, nā te mea ka tukuna e ia te mana whakahaere katoa mō te whatunga me te kounga o te ratonga.
2. Ka honoa ngā hiahia whakawhitiwhiti kōrero maha ki roto i te hanganga kotahi e te TSN me te Ethernet.
3. Ngā paerewa mahi tahi e ahu mai ana i te OPC UA me ngā paerewa tuwhera mō te whakauru māmā ake i ngā kaihoko maha.
4. Te hangarau mohio mō te aroturuki whatunga hei kite i ngā hapa whakawhitiwhiti kōrero e tohu ana i te taupatupatu, i te whakaekenga rānei.
5. Me rere tonu ngā raraunga mō ngā māhanga matihiko hei whakatauira tika i ngā āhuatanga o te mīhini me te tukanga.
E whakaatu ana tēnei ia kei te anga whakamua ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero a te ahumahi ki ngā pūnaha atamai ake, haumaru ake, me te whakauru atu.
Whakamutunga
He mea nui te hangarau whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ā-ahumahi hei hono i ngā taputapu parae, ngā pūnaha whakahaere, me te whakahaere raraunga mō ngā mahi ahumahi whai hua. Mai i te Ethernet ahumahi me te pahi parae ki te ahokore, mai i Modbus ki te OPC UA me te MQTT, ka mahi tahi ngā wāhanga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero katoa hei tautoko i te whakaputanga whai hua, haumaru, me te whakahaere raraunga. I te wā o te Ahumahi 4.0, ko ngā wero matua kei roto i ngā whakaritenga wā-tūturu, te whakaurunga raraunga tauine nui, me te haumarutanga tukutuku. Mā te whatunga tika, te kawa, me ngā rautaki whiriwhiri hoahoa, ka taea e ngā kamupene te hanga pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ā-ahumahi pakari, rite mō te heke mai.
