Aratohu Huihuinga Reo Irirangi AM mō te Pāhotanga Reo Irirangi Hapori
He mea nui te mahi a te reo irirangi hapori ki te hora i ngā kōrero ā-rohe, te mātauranga, me te mōhiotanga ahurea, me te whakapakari i te whai wāhi a te hapori. I ētahi wāhi, he mea nui tonu te pāpāho AM (Amplitude Modulation) nā te mea he roa te horapa, he whānui te wātea o ngā kaiwhiwhi reo irirangi AM, me te hangarau tuku kōrero māmā noa iho ki te whakataurite ki ētahi pūnaha hou. Kei roto i tēnei tuhinga he aratohu whānui mō te hanga i tētahi tuku kōrero reo irirangi AM mō te reo irirangi hapori, e kapi ana i ngā ariā taketake, ngā poraka ara iahiko, me ngā wāhanga matua, tae atu ki ngā mahi whakamātautau me ngā āhuatanga ture.
> Tuhipoka nui: Ko ngā pāhotanga reo irirangi e whakamahi ana i ngā auau tūmatanui he mea whakahaere e te kāwanatanga. Kia tino tutuki i a koe ngā ture raihana e tika ana, ngā herenga mana tuku, me ngā tohatoha auau i tō rohe i mua i te pāho.
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1. Kia Mārama ki te Ariā Taketake o te Reo Irirangi AM
Ko te mahi a te AM mā te tāpiri i tētahi tohu oro ki runga i tētahi ngaru kawe i tētahi auau motuhake. Kei roto te tohu kawe i te awhe ngaru-waenga, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko te roopu AM, tata ki te 530–1710 kHz (i runga i te paerewa o te whenua).
Ngā painga o te AM mō ngā hapori:
– Hototahi whānui: He maha ngā reo irirangi kāinga, ngā reo irirangi motuka, me ngā taputapu māmā noa e whiwhi tonu ana i te AM.
– He ara iahiko tino māmā: Ka taea te hanga i tētahi tuku AM mai i ētahi poraka taketake.
– Te kapinga rawaka: Mā te pūihi tika, ka taea e te AM te tae atu ki ngā wāhi hapori.
Ōna herenga:
– He ngāwari te haruru: Ka taea e ngā pokanoa hiko (uira, motuka, urutau) te tomo ngāwari.
– Kounga oro: He iti iho i te FM mēnā kāore i te pai te hoahoa.
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2. Te Whakatau i ngā Hiahia Pāho Hapori
I mua i te huihuinga, whakatauhia te whakamahinga e hiahiatia ana:
1. Te kapinga: Mō tētahi kāinga, mō tētahi rohe iti, mō tētahi rohe whānui ake rānei?
2. Mana tuku: Ka teitei ake te mana, ka tawhiti ake te whānuitanga—engari ka kaha ake ngā ture, ka nui ake te hiahia mō te whakamatao, te tuku hiko, me te whakaiti i ngā pokanoa.
3. Te kounga oro: He rawaka mō ngā whakaaturanga kōrero me ngā purongo, mō ngā waiata rānei?
4. Tauwāhi o te pūihi: Te teitei o te pūihi, te wātea o te pou, me te wāhi kāore he arai.
5. Te wātea o ngā wāhanga: He ngāwari te wātea o ngā wāhanga i te mākete o te rohe?
Mō te reo irirangi hapori, ko te huarahi haumaru ko te waihanga i tētahi pūnaha e pumau ana, e penapena ana i te hiko, ā, e ngāwari ana hoki te tiaki.
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3. Poraka Matua o te Tuku AM
I te nuinga o te wā, he maha ngā poraka o tētahi tuku AM:
1. Pūtake oro
He ranunga oro noa iho pea, he hopuoro me te preamp, he kaitākaro oro, he rorohiko rānei. Ko te mea pai, me whai mana whakahaere taumata, he whakataurite rama, me te aukati hei ārai i te whakarerekētanga nui rawa (te whakapōturitanga nui rawa).
2. Pūtukatuka oro me te pūtukatuka oro
Ka whakanuia e te preamp te taumata tohu hopuoro kia ea ai te whakarerekētanga. He maha ngā tuku AM māmā e whakamahi ana i te op-amp (pērā i te momo oro noa) me te ara iahiko whakahaere oro.
3. Oscillator (kaiwhakaputa kawe)
Ka whakaputahia e tēnei wāhanga he tohu i te auau AM kua tīpakohia. He mea nui te pumau o te oscillator hei ārai i te rerekētanga auau me te pokanoa ki ētahi atu hongere. Ka taea e ngā oscillator te hanga i runga i te tioata (he pumau ake) te hanga rānei i runga i te LC (he ngāwari ake engari he ngāwari ki te rerekētanga).
4. Pūwhakarerekētanga AM
Ka whakaranua te oro e te pūwhakawhitiwhiti ki roto i te kaikawe. He maha ngā tikanga:
– Kātahi ka whakanuia te whakarerekētanga taumata-iti (te whakarerekētanga i te taumata iti) e te wāhanga RF.
– Ko te whakarerekētanga taumata-tiketike (te whakarerekētanga i te wāhanga mana whakamutunga), he mea uaua ake i te nuinga o te wā engari ka nui ake te whai hua mō ngā mana nui.
5. Whakakaha RF (whakakaha RF / wāhanga whakamutunga)
Te whakanui i te tohu AM ki te mana e hiahiatia ana. Me aro nui ki te whakamatao, te taurite i te aukati, me te tātari hei karo i te whakararuraru i ngā harmonika.
6. Te whakataurite i te tātari me te pūihi (whatunga putanga / whakataurite)
E hiahiatia ana he tātari pā-iti, he tātari pā-roopu rānei hei pehi i ngā haurore. Mā te whatunga taurite ka taea te whakawhiti hiko mai i te tuku ki te pūihi me te whai hua.
7. Pūnaha pūihi me te whenua
He mea tino nui te pūnaha whenua mō te AM. He whai hua te nuinga o ngā pūihi poutū me te whenua radial, engari ko te whakatinanatanga ka whakawhirinaki ki ngā āhuatanga o te papa.
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4. Te Kōwhiri i te Auautanga Mahi
Kaua te kōwhiringa auau e tūpono noa. Ko te mātāpono:
– Āta karohia ngā auau kua whakamahia kētia e ētahi atu teihana i te rohe e karapoti ana.
– Whakaarohia ngā taumata haruru ā-rohe (he "ma ake" ētahi auau).
– Whakamahia he taputapu hopu AM hei aroturuki i ngā hongere kau.
– Mena he tautoko ā-ture/whakaaetanga, whai i ngā hongere mana kua whakaratohia.
Mō ngā whakamātautau hangarau, he maha ngā kaiwhakahuihui e whakamātautau tuatahi ana i runga i tētahi kawenga rūpahu kia kore ai e tukuna ngā tohu kotiti ke.
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5. Ngā Wāhanga Matua Me Whakarite
Ko ngā wāhanga e whai ake nei he mea noa i roto i ngā kaupapa tuku AM hapori iti-waenga:
– PCB, papa whakairo rānei, pouaka whakarewa (whare ārai) hei ārai
– Oscillator: ara iahiko tioata, ara iahiko LC rānei me te pūnga whakakoi
– Ngā wāhanga RF: ngā inductors, ngā pūnga hiko mika/NP0, ngā ātete kiriata whakarewa
– Pūhiko RF/MOSFET mō te whakakaha
– Pūnaha hiko: whakawhiti pūmau/SMPS, tātari ripo, tiaki iahiko nui
– Pūwero whakamahana mō te wāhanga hiko RF
– Ine: mita ngaohiko, mita āmipere, tohu whakarerekētanga (whiringa)
– Tātari putanga: ara iahiko LC iti-haere
– Taura honohono me ngā hononga RF
– Kawenga rūpahu (kawenga 50 ohm me te mana e ranea ana) hei whakamātautau
He tino āwhina ngā taputapu ine:
– Ine maha
– Kaitatau auau (te SDR rānei hei aroturuki auau)
– Oscilloscope (he pai mō te mātakitaki i te whakarerekētanga)
– mita/honohono SWR (hei tirotiro i te hototahitanga o te pūihi)
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6. Ngā Hipanga o te Huihuinga Whānui (Rerenga Mahi)
A. Huihuia, whakamātauria hoki te pūtake hiko
Tīmata ki te pūtake hiko. Me whakarite kia tutuki te ngaohiko i ngā whakaritenga o te ara iahiko, ā, kia pumau hoki i raro i te kawenga. Tāpirihia:
– te whakakā,
– te tiakitanga o te polarity,
– tātari haruru (pūnga me te kōkō mēnā e tika ana).
B. Hangaia he oscillator pumau
Huihuia te oscillator ka tirohia te auau e puta mai ana:
– e ai ki te whāinga,
– kāore he nekehanga nui ina rerekē te pāmahana,
– he ma te tohu (he iti rawa ngā harmonika).
Mena kei te whakamahi koe i tētahi oscillator LC, whakamahia ngā wāhanga RF kounga teitei (ngā pūnga NP0/C0G) hei pumau.
C. Tāpirihia te pūwhakatikatika me te ara oro
Whakauruhia he tohu oro mai i te pūtake (whakaranu, whakakaha rānei). Whakamātauria te whakarerekētanga mā te:
– te aroturuki i runga i te kaiwhiwhi reo irirangi AM,
– mā te whakamahi rānei i tētahi oscilloscope, tirohia te āhua o te ngaru.
Whakatikatikahia ngā taumata oro kia kore ai e hē te oro (whakarerekētanga nui rawa). I te AM, mā te nui rawa o te whakarerekētanga ka pakaru te oro, ā, ka whānui ake te whānui o te oro.
D. Huihuia te wāhanga whakakaha RF ā-wāhanga
Mena he maha ngā wāhanga RF o te hoahoa, hangaia mai i ngā wāhanga iti ki ngā wāhanga nui:
1) taraiwa iti,
2) kātahi ko te whakakaha whakamutunga.
Whakamātauria ia wāhanga ki tētahi kawenga rūpahu hei whakarite kia noa te whakanui, ā, kia kore ai he wiriwiri pōuri.
E. Tāutahia ngā tātari me ngā whatunga e ōrite ana
Me whakarite kia ma te tohu putanga. Mā te tātari pai o te iti-haerenga ka ārai i ngā haurore kei uru ki ētahi atu roopu. Muri iho, whakatikatikahia te taurite ki te pūihi kia iti ai te SWR, kia kore ai hoki e moumou te mana hei wera.
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7. Ngā Pūihi AM mō ngā Hapori: Ngā Mea hei Whakaaroaro
Ko te pūihi AM tino pai mō te whakapaoho he poutū me te pūnaha whenua/pūnaha pūtoro pai. Mēnā kāore e taea e ngā āhuatanga, he maha ngā huarahi kē atu e wātea ana, engari ka ngoikore pea te mahi.
Ngā mātāpono nui:
– Mā te teitei me te wāhi tuwhera ka taea te toro atu.
– Ka whakaitihia ngā ngaronga e te whenua pai.
– Puritia te pūihi kia matara atu i ngā pūtake haruru pērā i ngā inverters, ngā urutau iti te utu, ngā papa whakahaere mōtini, me ngā rama LED kounga iti.
Ki te kore e ōrite ngā pūihi, ka wera rawa te tuku, ka heke te hiko, ā, ka pāngia te kounga o te whakapaoho. Nō reira, he mea tino taunaki kia inehia te SWR, kia aroturukihia rānei te iahiko/ngaohiko putanga.
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8. Te Whakamātautau, Te Whakatau Rapanga, me te Pūmautanga
Ko ētahi raruraru noa i te wā e huihui ana i tētahi tuku AM:
– Haruru, ngunguru rānei: i te nuinga o te wā mai i te ngaru hiko, i ngā koropiko whenua rānei.
– Kua pakaru te oro: he teitei rawa te taumata whakarerekētanga, kei te tapahia rānei te ara iahiko preamp.
– Te nekehanga auau: te orooro kore pumau, ngā wāhanga hē, te parepare koretake rānei.
– He poto te tawhiti: kāore e whai hua te pūihi, kāore e ōrite, kāore e ranea te hiko, he haruru rawa rānei te wāhi.
– Te pokanoa ki ētahi atu taputapu: te tātari putanga ngoikore, te taura pūihi rānei e whiti ana mai i tētahi wāhi kāore i te tika.
Ngā tohutohu whai hua:
– Whakamahia he pouaka whakarewa me te tahora whenua kia ātaahua.
– Wehea ngā ara oro me ngā ara RF kia kore ai e pokanoa tetahi ki tetahi.
– Whakamahia he uta rūpahu ina whakahāngai ana kia kore ai e whakararuraru i te whānuitanga oro.
– Me whakarite kia rawaka te whakamatao, inā koa i te wā whakamutunga o te RF.
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9. Te Ture me ngā Tikanga Matatika o ngā Pāhotanga Hapori
Ehara i te mea hangarau noa iho te pāpāho reo irirangi, engari he kawenga pāpori anō hoki. Kia mahara:
– Me whai whakaaetanga, ā, me whai i ngā hongere/auau kua whakaritea e te kaiwhakahaere.
– Kia tutuki i ngā herenga mana tuku me ngā paerewa tukunga (te harmonics, te whānui o te whānui).
– Kia mau tonu te ihirangi o te pāhotanga i runga anō i ngā tikanga matatika me ngā ture pāhotanga.
– Tuhia ngā wātaka pāho, ngā tuakiri o ngā teihana, me ngā tikanga ohorere (hei tauira, mō ngā mōhiohio āwhati).
Mā te tutuki i ngā ture, ka taea e te reo irirangi hapori te tupu pai me te kore he taupatupatu mō te aukume, ā, ka mau tonu te whakawhirinaki o ngā kainoho.
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Te Katinga
Ko te hanga i tētahi tuku reo irirangi AM mō te pāpāho reo irirangi hapori me mārama ki te AM, te whakamahere hiko me te whānuitanga, te hoahoa poraka tuku reo irirangi tino pai, te whiriwhiri pūihi tika, me te whakamātautau pakari. Ko te arotahi matua mō ngā hapori ko te pumau, te haumaru, me te tutuki i ngā ture. Mā te huarahi taahiraa-i-te-taahiraa—mai i te pūtake hiko, te oscillator, te modulator, te whakakaha RF, me te pūihi—ka taea e koe te hanga i tētahi pūnaha pāpāho pono e whai hua ana ki te hapori.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te āwhina i a koe ki te waihanga i tētahi putanga hangarau ake (hei tauira, he hoahoa poraka taipitopito, he rārangi wāhanga, he tukanga whakahāngai taahiraa-i-te-taahiraa rānei) i runga i te mana tuku e hiahiatia ana e koe me ngā āhuatanga o te pae pūihi kei a koe.
