Ngā panera rā kiriata angiangi: Ngā mea me mōhio koe
Kei te piki haere te rongonui o ngā panera rā angiangi hei huarahi kē atu ki ngā panera rā e ahu mai ana i te silicon tioata tuku iho. He painga anō hoki kei roto i tēnei hangarau—mai i te mama ake ki te ngāwari o te tāutanga—engari he herenga anō kei roto me mārama koe i mua i te whakatau ki te whakamahi. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga he aha ngā panera rā angiangi, me pēhea te mahi, ō rātou momo, ō rātou painga me ngā ngoikoretanga, me ngā whakamahinga kua tūtohutia.
He aha te papa rā kiriata angiangi?
Ko ngā panera hiko-angiangi he kōwae photovoltaic i hangaia mā te tāpiri i tētahi paparanga angiangi rawa o te rauemi semiconductor (i runga i te tauine micrometer) ki te mata o tētahi papa pēnei i te karāhe, te konganuku, te kirihou rānei. He rerekē ki ngā panera silicon crystalline (monocrystalline me te polycrystalline), e whakamahi ana i ngā anga silicon matotoru, pakari, ka "rehu" ngā panera kiriata-angiangi, ka "tāpae" rānei i te rauemi hohe i roto i ngā paparanga, kia māmā ake ai, kia ngāwari ake ai hoki ngā kōwae.
I ngā kupu māmā noa iho, ka hurihia e ngā panera kiriata-angiangi te hihi o te rā hei hiko mā te pānga photovoltaic: ka pā ngā photon (ngā matūriki mārama) ki tētahi semiconductor, ka tukuna ngā irahiko, ka whakaputa hiko iahiko tika (DC) ka taea te whakamahi tika, te penapena ki roto i te pākahiko, te huri rānei ki te iahiko tauutuutu (AC) mā te inverter mō te whakamahinga kāinga me te pakihi.
Me pēhea te mahi a ngā panera rā kiriata angiangi?
He rite tonu te kaupapa mahi ki ētahi atu panera rā, engari he maha ngā rerekētanga o ngā āhuatanga o te hanganga paparanga angiangi. Ko te tikanga, ko ngā panera kiriata angiangi:
1. Papa: ko te turanga e whakatakotoria ai ngā paparanga, ka taea te hanga ki te karāhe, ki te maitai kore waikura, ki te pūmua ngāwari rānei.
2. Paparanga arataki mārama (TCO): ka taea te uru mai o te mārama i te wā e kawe ana i te hiko.
3. Paparanga haurua-ā-ira hohe: te wāhanga matua e mimiti ana i te mārama me te whakaputa irahiko.
4. Paparanga whakapā o muri: ka kati i te ara iahiko, ka tukuna te iahiko ki waho o te pūtau.
Nā te mea he angiangi ō rātou paparanga, he pai ake te mahi a ngā panera kiriata angiangi i roto i ngā āhuatanga mārama iti, pāmahana teitei rānei i ētahi panera tioata. Heoi, he iti ake te nuinga o te wā i tō rātou kaha ki te mahi.
Ngā momo panera rā kiriata angiangi
He maha ngā hangarau matua mō te papa kiriata angiangi kei te mākete:
1. Te Telluride Cadmium (CdTe)
Ko te CdTe tētahi o ngā hangarau kiriata angiangi tino pakari, ā, e whānuitia ana te hanga. E mōhiotia ana ngā panera CdTe mō ā rātou utu whakaputa whakataetae me te mahi pai i ngā pāmahana teitei.
He kōrero nui: Kei roto i te CdTe te cadmium, he konganuku taumaha paitini. Ko te tikanga, kei ngā kaihanga he pūnaha hangarua me ngā pūnaha whakahaere mutunga-ora hei whakaiti i te pānga ki te taiao, engari he mea nui tonu tēnei hei whakaaroaro.
2. Parahi Iniuma Kariuma Selenida (CIGS)
Ka tukuna e te CIGS te whai huatanga ka taea te whakataetae ki ētahi panera tioata i raro i ētahi āhuatanga, ā, ka taea hoki te hanga kia ngāwari ake. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia tēnei hangarau i roto i ngā tono e hiahia ana ki ngā āhua māmā, āhua rerekē rānei.
Ko te ngoikoretanga, he uaua ake te hanga CIGS, ā, ko te wātea o ētahi rauemi (pēnei i te indium me te gallium) ka waiho hei take utu, hei take mekameka tuku rānei.
3. Hiraka Kore-āhua (a-Si)
He putanga "kiriata-angiangi" o te silicon te silicone amorphous, engari ehara tōna hanganga i te tioata. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o tēnei hangarau i roto i ngā taputapu iti (hei tauira, ngā tātaitai hiko-rā) me ētahi tono hangahanga.
Ko te ngoikoretanga he iti ake te whai huatanga o ēnei mea, ā, ka pāngia pea koe e te ngoikore i te tīmatanga (e kiia ana ko te pānga Staebler-Wronski) e whakaiti ana i te mahi i muri i te whakamahinga tuatahi, ahakoa ka pumau anō i muri mai.
Ngā painga o ngā panera rā kiriata angiangi
Anei ētahi painga e pai ai te whiriwhiri i ngā panera kiriata angiangi:
1. Mama ake te taumaha
Nā te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi hohe angiangi rawa atu me te maha o ngā whiringa papa, he māmā ake ngā panera kiriata-angiangi i ngā panera tioata. He pai tēnei mō ngā tuanui he rohe kawenga motuhake, he hanganga rānei kāore i te pai mō ngā waeine taumaha.
2. Ngāwari, ngāwari hoki te whakauru
Ka taea te hanga i ētahi panera angiangi kia ngāwari, kia rite hoki ki ngā āhua o te mata. He mea nui tēnei mō ngā mahi pēnei i ngā tuanui piko, ngā waka, ngā kaipuke, ngā ipu, te tāutanga rānei ki ngā mata koretake.
3. He pai ake te mahi i ngā pāmahana teitei me te iti o te mārama (i runga i te hangarau)
He pai ake te tauwehenga pāmahana o ētahi panera angiangi, arā, ka taea e rātou te whakaiti i te ngaronga putanga ina piki ake te pāmahana. I ngā wāhi wera, ka taea e tēnei te whakanui ake i te whakaputanga pūngao ā-tau (kWh) ahakoa te iti o te whai huatanga o te waeine.
4. He āhua ōrite ake
He ātaahua ake te āhua o ngā panera angiangi, ā, he ōrite ngā tae. Mō ngā kaupapa hoahoa whare, mō ngā whare arumoni rānei, ka taea te whakaaro ki tēnei āhuatanga tirohanga.
Ngā ngoikoretanga o ngā panera rā kiriata angiangi
Ahakoa he ātaahua, ehara ngā kiriata angiangi i te otinga pai mō ngā āhuatanga katoa. Ko ngā ngoikoretanga noa ko:
1. Te iti o te whai huatanga toharite
Ko te iti o te whai huatanga ko te tikanga me nui ake te wāhi hei whakaputa i te mana ōrite ki ngā panera monocrystalline. Mena he iti te wāhi o tō tuanui, he pai ake te whakamahi i ngā panera crystalline.
2. Ngā whakaritenga wāhi me te hanganga whakairi
Nā te mea he nui ake ngā wāhi e hiahiatia ana mō ngā pūnaha kiriata angiangi, ka hiahiatia pea he hoahoa whakamau whānui ake, he taura roa ake, me te whakamahere atarangi kia piri ake kia kore ai e whakararuraru i te mahi whakaputa.
3. Ka rerekē te pirau me te roa o te ratonga
Ko te kounga me te pakari o ngā panera angiangi e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki te kaihanga me te hangarau. He pai te pakari o ētahi hua, engari i te nuinga o te wā, me āta tirotiro e koe ngā raraunga whakamana mahi, ngā reiti whakahekenga ā-tau, me te ingoa pai o te kaihanga.
4. Ngā take rauemi me te hangarua
Ka whakamahia e te CdTe te cadmium, engari ka whakamahia e te CIGS tētahi rauemi onge. Ehara i te mea ka "kino" tonu rātou, engari me whai whakaaro nui ki te whakahaere i te mutunga o te ora me te mekameka tuku.
Āhea te wā e tika ana kia whiriwhiria ngā panera rā kiriata angiangi?
Ko ngā panera rā kiriata angiangi he mea pai i raro i ngā āhuatanga e whai ake nei:
1. Ngā mata nunui e wātea ana: hei tauira, ngā tuanui whare putunga, ngā wheketere, ngā mara tuwhera, ngā tuanui nunui rānei.
2. Ngā kawenga hanganga iti: ngā whare kāore e pai ana ngā tuanui mō ngā panera taumaha.
3. Ngā whakaritenga ngāwari: te tāutanga ki ngā mata piko, ki ngā taupānga pūkoro rānei.
4. Te āhuarangi wera: i ētahi wā, ka taea te whakataetae i te whakaputanga pūngao ā-tau nā te pai ake o te pāmahana.
5. Te Whakaurunga Whare (BIPV): he māmā ake te whakauru i ngā kiriata angiangi ki roto i ngā huānga whare pēnei i ētahi mata o mua, ngā matapihi tuanui motuhake, ngā rauemi hanga "mahi-rua" rānei.
I tētahi atu ringa, ki te iti tō tuanui, ā, e hiahia ana koe ki te whakanui ake i te mana mō ia mita pūrua, he pai ake ngā panera monocrystalline.
Ngā mea hei tirotiro i mua i te hoko
I mua i te whiriwhiri i tētahi panera kiriata angiangi, whakaarohia ēnei āhuatanga whai hua:
– Te whai huatanga o te kōwae me ngā whakaritenga horahanga: tatauhia ngā whakaritenga hiko (kWp) me te wātea o te wāhi.
– Te tauwehenga pāmahana me te mahi i tō wāhi: tonoa he pepa raraunga me te whakatauira whakaputa ā-tau.
– Te whakamana hua me te whakamana mahi: kia aro ki te roanga, ngā rohe whakahekenga, me ngā tikanga kereme.
– Tiwhikete: rapua ngā hua e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa whakamātautau (hei tauira, IEC) ā, e hototahi ana ki te inverter.
– Te ingoa pai o te kaihanga me te tautoko i muri i te hoko: tae atu ki te wātea o ngā wāhanga e manawapa ana me te ratonga.
– Mahere hangarua: he mea nui kia whakarite kia tika te whakahaere i ngā kōwae i te mutunga o tō rātou oranga whai hua.
Whakamutunga
He hangarau photovoltaic ngā panera hiko angiangi e tuku ana i ngā painga o te mama, te ngāwari pea, me te pumau ake o te mahi i roto i ngā pāmahana teitei, i ngā āhuatanga mārama kino rānei. Heoi, me whakaaro koe ki te iti ake o te whai huatanga, ngā whakaritenga wāhi nui ake, me ngā take whakamana rauemi me te hua.
Mena he nui te mata o tō whare, he māmā rānei ō kōwae, he ngāwari ake rānei te whakauru ki te hoahoa o tō whare, he pai rawa atu ngā panera angiangi. Engari mō ngā whare he iti te wāhi o te tuanui, ā, he nui hoki ngā hiahia hiko, he pai ake te whakamahi i ngā panera silicon tioata—ina koa ko te monocrystalline. Ko te mea nui ko te whakataurite i te hangarau ki ō hiahia, ki tō wāhi noho, me ō whāinga pūtea.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te āwhina i a koe ki te tatau i te kaha e hiahiatia ana (kWp), te rohe tāutanga, me te whakaputanga hiko ā-tau e whakatauhia ana i runga i tō tāone/wāhi, te momo tuanui, me te whakapaunga hiko ia marama.
