## Ngā Rerekētanga i waenga i ngā Mīhini Otto me ngā Mīhini Tīhiera
Nā te miihini mura ā-roto, i hangaia i te rautau 19, i huri te ao kawe waka me ngā mīhini ahumahi. I roto i tēnei ao, e rua ngā momo miihini matua kua hanga i te hangarau hou, ā, kei te haere tonu te tautohetohe i waenga i ngā kaiwhaiwhai me ngā tohunga: ko ngā miihini Otto me te Diesel. I tapaina i muri i ō rāua kaihanga—ko Nikolaus Otto me Rudolf Diesel—he āhuatanga motuhake me ngā mātāpono whakahaere o ēnei miihini e pai ai mō ngā tono rerekē. Ka rukuhia e tēnei tuhinga ngā rerekētanga i waenga i ngā miihini Otto me te Diesel, me te tirotiro i ā rāua tikanga whakahaere, te whai huatanga, ngā tono, me ngā pānga ki te taiao.
### Ngā Mātāpono Whakahaere
#### Mīhini Otto
Ko te miihini Otto, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko te miihini penehīni, e mahi ana i runga i te kaupapa o te mura o te mura. E whakamahi ana i te huringa whiu-whā, tae atu ki ngā wāhanga e whai ake nei: te whakauru, te kōpeketanga, te mana, me te whakaputanga.
1. Whakaurunga: Ka kumea he ranunga o te hau me te wahie ki roto i te rango i te wā e kumea ana.
2. Pēhanga: Ka kati te takirere whakauru, ka neke ake te piston, ka pēhanga i te ranunga hau-wahie.
3. Mana: Ka mura te ranunga kua pēhia e te puru mura, ka hua ake te mura. Ka panaia te piston ki raro i te pahūtanga, ka whakaputa mana.
4. Putanga Hau: Ka huaki te takirere putanga hau, ka taea ai e ngā hau kua wera te puta i te nekehanga ake anō o te piston, ā, ka oti te huringa.
#### Mīhini Tīhiera
I tetahi atu taha, ka mahi ngā miihini tīhiera i runga i te kaupapa o te mura me te kore e hiahiatia he puru mura. Ka taea hoki e ngā miihini tīhiera te whakahaere i runga i te huringa whā-whiu, engari he rerekē ngā wāhanga mahi nā te āhua o te mura wahie.
1. Whakaurunga: Ko te hau anake ka kumea ki roto i te rango.
2. Pēhanga: He nui ake te pēhanga o te hau i tō te miihini Otto, ā, ka eke ki ngā pāmahana ka taea te whakakā i te wahie me te kore he mura.
3. Mana: Ka werohia te wahie tīhiera ki roto i te rango i te tihi o te pēhanga. Ka mura aunoa te wahie i te pāmahana teitei, ka pana te piston ki raro.
4. Putanga hau: Ka huaki te takirere putanga hau, ka puta ngā hau putanga hau.
### Te Whai Hua me te Mahi
Ka pāngia te whai huatanga me te mahi a ngā miihini Otto me te Diesel e ō rāua tikanga whakahaere.
#### Te Whai Hua o te Wahie
He nui ake te penapena wahie o ngā miihini tīhiera i ngā miihini Otto. Nā te nui ake o ngā ōwehenga kōpeketanga o ngā miihini tīhiera, ka hua ake he tahunga wahie tino pai, he pai ake hoki. He nui ake te pūngao mō ia rita o te wahie tīhiera i te penehīni, ā, ka nui ake te pai o te mahi.
#### Putanga Mana
E mōhiotia ana ngā miihini Otto mō ō rātou kaha whakaputa nui ake me te kaha ki te mahi i ngā RPM teitei ake (huringa ia meneti) ki te whakataurite ki ngā miihini Tīhiera. Nā tēnei ka pai ake rātou mō ngā tono mahi-whai hua, pērā i ngā motuka hākinakina me ngā motopaika. Ko ngā miihini tīhiera, i tētahi atu taha, ka nui ake te taipana ka puta, ā, he pai ake mō ngā tono mahi taumaha pērā i ngā taraka, ngā pahi, me ngā mīhini ahumahi.
### Nga tono
Nā ngā rerekētanga o ngā mātāpono whakahaere me ngā āhuatanga mahi e pai ai ngā miihini Otto me te miihini Diesel mō ngā tono rerekē.
#### Whakamahinga Waka
– Ngā Mīhini Otto: E whakamahia nuitia ana i roto i ngā waka pāhihi, ngā motopaika, me ngā taraka māmā, e paingia ana ngā mīhini Otto mō ā rātou mahi maeneene me te marino, me tō rātou kaha ki te tuku mana me te tere teitei. He pai ake hoki te aro atu ki ngā panonitanga o te tere, he mea pai mō te taraiwa o ia rā me ngā waka e aro ana ki te mahi.
– Ngā Mīhini Tīhiera: He mea rongonui ngā mīhini tīhiera mō te pakari me te kaha ki te whakaputa taipana nui i ngā RPM iti. Nā tēnei ka pai mō ngā taraka, ngā pahi, ngā taputapu hanga, me ngā mīhini moana. Nā te pai o te whakamahinga o te wahie ka pai ake ai te kawe waka mō ngā haerenga roa.
### Paanga Taiao
He mea nui te whakaaro ki ngā pānga ki te taiao o ngā miihini Otto me te Diesel i tēnei wā e arotahi ana ki te oranga tonutanga me te whakaiti i ngā tapuwae waro.
#### Ngā Tukunga
– Ngā Mīhini Otto: Ko te tikanga he nui ake ngā taumata o te hauota waro (CO) me ngā hauwaiwai kāore i tahuna (HC) nā te tahunga kāore i oti i raro i ētahi āhuatanga. Nā ngā whanaketanga hou pēnei i ngā kaitahuri whakatere me ngā pūnaha weronga wahie kua tino whakaitihia ēnei tukunga.
– Ngā Mīhini Tīhiera: Ahakoa he pai ake te penapena wahie, he nui ake ngā taumata o ngā waikura hauota (NOx) me ngā matūriki (PM) e tukuna ana e ngā mīhini tīhiera. Kua honoa ēnei poke ki ngā raruraru manawa me te pirau o te taiao. Heoi, ko ngā whanaketanga hou pēnei i te whakaiti i te kaha o te matūriki (SCR) me ngā tātari matūriki tīhiera (DPF) kua āwhina i te whakaiti i ēnei tukunga.
#### Ngā Hau Kākāriki
He iti ake te nui o te hauhā waro (CO2) e whakaputaina ana e ngā miihini tīhiera nā te mea he pai ake te whakamahinga o te wahie. Heoi, he nui ake ngā pānga kino ki te taiao ā-rohe o ngā parahanga e tukuna ana e rātou, ki te whakaritea ki ngā tukunga pai ake o ngā miihini penehīni.
### Ngā Whakatairanga me ngā Auahatanga
Kua tino whakapai ake ngā whanaketanga hangarau o nāianei i te mahi me ngā pānga ki te taiao o ngā miihini Otto me te miihini Diesel.
#### Ngā Auahatanga Mīhini Otto
– Whakakaha Turbo: Ka whakarei ake i te putanga mana me te whai huatanga mā te pana i te hau ki roto i te rūma mura, ka nui ake te wahie e tahuna.
– Werohanga Wahie Tika: Ka whakapai ake i te whakangāwari wahie me te pai o te tahunga, ka whakaiti i ngā tukunga me te whakanui ake i te mana.
– Ngā Pūnaha Ranu: Te whakakotahi i ngā motuka hiko me ngā miihini penehīni hei whakaiti i te whakapaunga wahie me ngā tukunga.
#### Ngā Auahatanga Mīhini Tīhiera
– Te Whakakaha Turbo me te Whakamatao-ā-roto: Ka whakapai ake i te putanga mana me te whai huatanga o te wahie, he mea noa i roto i ngā miihini tīhiera o ēnei rā.
– Werohanga Rerewē Noa: Ka taea te whakahaere tika i te werohanga wahie, te whakapai ake i te pai o te tahunga me te whakaiti i ngā tukunga.
– Ngā Pūnaha Whai Muri i te Maimoatanga: Mā ngā hangarau pēnei i te SCR me te DPF ka tino whakaitihia ngā tukunga NOx me ngā matūriki, ka āwhina i ngā miihini Tīhiera ki te whakatutuki i ngā ture taiao pakari.
### Whakamutunga
E rua ngā ara rerekē o ngā miihini Otto me te Diesel i roto i te whanaketanga o te hangarau mura ā-roto, he rerekē ngā painga me ngā ngoikoretanga o ia miihini. E whakanuia ana ngā miihini Otto mō tō rātou kaha me te urupare, ā, koinei te miihini pai rawa atu mō ngā waka pāhihi me ngā tono mahi. Ko ngā miihini diesel, me tō rātou pai o te whakamahinga wahie me te taipana, e kaha ake ana i ngā rāngai mahi taumaha me te arumoni.
Nā ngā whanaketanga hangarau o nāianei kua pōhēhē te huarahi, ā, kua pai ake te whai huatanga me te taiao o ngā momo mīhini e rua. Heoi anō, ko te whiriwhiri i waenga i te mīhini Otto me te mīhini Diesel ka whakawhirinaki ki ngā hiahia me ngā herenga motuhake o te tono e pā ana.
I te hurihanga o te ao ki ngā otinga pūngao tauwhiro, tera pea ka whanake te tūranga o ēnei miihini, engari ka whai pānga tonu ō rātou rerekētanga taketake ki te whakamahinga me te whanaketanga o ēnei miihini mō ngā tau e haere ake nei. He mea nui te mārama ki ēnei rerekētanga hei whakatau whai whakaaro, ahakoa kei te whiriwhiri koe i tētahi waka, kei te hoahoa mīhini, kei te ngana noa rānei koe ki te mārama ki ngā tikanga e whakahaere ana i tō tātou ao.
