Hangarau Hou i roto i te Tukatuka Whakarewa Hiriwa
He konganuku utu nui te hiriwa (Ag) he nui te uara, ā, he mea nui tana mahi i roto i ngā momo rāngai, mai i ngā whakapaipai me ngā haumitanga ki ngā ahumahi hikohiko me te pūngao. Haunga tōna kanapa ataahua, he pai te kawe hiko me te wera o te hiriwa, ngā āhuatanga patu huakita taiao, me te whakaata teitei. Nā tēnei huinga o ngā āhuatanga kua piki ake te hiahia mō te hiriwa, ā, ko ngā hiahia ahumahi kei te akiaki i ngā tukanga tukatuka e whai hua ana, e tika ana, e pai ana ki te taiao, ka taea te whakaputa i te parakore teitei. I ngā tau tata nei, kua puta ake ngā hangarau hou hei whakatika i ēnei wero—tae atu ki te tango, te whakamahine, te hanga, me te hangarua.
1. Te Whakawhanaketanga o te Hangarau Tango me te Wehenga Hiriwa
I ahu mai te hiriwa i ngā konganuku tuatahi (kua keria) me ngā pūtake tuarua pērā i ngā para hiko, ngā whakakorikori kua pau, me ngā toenga tukanga ahumahi. Inaianei, kua whakatairangahia e te hangarau hou ngā tikanga tango whiriwhiri me te whakaiti i ngā para.
a) Te haumaru ake o te hydrometallurgy e hangai ana ki te tango wai
He maha ngā tikanga tuku iho e whakamahi ana i te cyanide nā te mea he whai hua ki te whakarewa i ngā konganuku utu nui. Heoi, nā runga i ngā āwangawanga mō te haumaru me te taiao, kua whakawhanakehia ngā huarahi kē atu mō te tango i ngā konganuku kore-cyanide. He maha ngā huarahi kua rangahaua whānuitia, ā, kua tīmata te whakatinana i runga i te tauine nui, ko te whakamahinga o te thiosulfate, te thiourea, me ngā whakarewa halide. He painga ēnei tikanga o te iti o te mōrearea taiao me te whiriwhiri, ka taea te whakarei ake mā te whakarerekē i te pH, ngā matū whakahāngai, me ngā tāpiringa matatini.
b) He tango whakarewa whiriwhiri me te whakawhiti katote
Kia rewa te hiriwa, ka wehea mai i ngā poke mā te tango whakarewa (SX) me ngā kapia whakawhiti katote. Kei te hangarau kapia hou ngā rōpū hohe kua hangaia hei hopu i ngā katote Ag⁺, kia tere ake ai, kia whai hua ake ai hoki te tukanga purenga. I roto i ngā ahumahi e hiahia ana ki te parakore teitei—hei tauira, mō ngā tono hiko—ka āwhina tēnei tikanga ki te whakaiti i te nui o ngā poke pēnei i te mata, te parahi, te bismuth rānei ki ngā taumata tino iti.
c) Te whakahaere i te hiko whakarewa me te wikitoria hiko
Ko te whakamātau hiko he tikanga mō te whakapūtā hiriwa mai i tētahi otinga irahiko mā te whakamahi i te iahiko hiko. Ko te hangarau hou e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakahaere mamati o ngā tawhā (iahiko, ngaohiko, pāmahana, me te hanganga irahiko) kia pai ake ai te whakatakotoranga hiriwa, kia kore ai e poke, kia pai ake ai te whai huatanga o te pūngao. I ētahi tipu, ka honoa tēnei pūnaha ki ngā pūoko ipurangi hei aroturuki i ngā taumata katote whakarewa i te wā tūturu.
2. Te Whakamaeneene Hiriwa Parakore Teitei
Mō ētahi hiahia pēnei i ngā wāhanga haurua-ira, ngā hoapā hiko tino tika, ngā tono whatu rānei, e hiahiatia ana te hiriwa kounga teitei me ngā taumata parakore tino tiketike.
a) Te whakangao hiko o te whakatupuranga hou
Mā te whakamahine hiko ka purea te hiriwa mā te whakarewa ki roto i te anode, ka puta te hiriwa parakore ki runga i te cathode. Ko ngā mahi auaha hou ko ngā hoahoa pūtau hiko pumau ake, te whakamahinga o ngā kiriuhi motuhake hei pehi i te hekenga o te poke, me te whakahaere aunoa i te paru anode, e mau ana i ētahi atu konganuku utu nui.
b) Te tukanga whakatioata me te whakahaere hanganga moroiti
Haunga te parakore matū, ka whakatauhia hoki te kounga o te hiriwa e tōna hanganga tioata me te rahi o te kōpura, e pā ana ki ōna āhuatanga miihini me te kawe hiko. Ka whakamahia e te hangarau whakahaere hanganga moroiti te whakamahana tika, te whakamatao whakahaeretia, me ngā tukanga whakarerekētanga whakahaeretia hei whakaputa rauemi me te mahi pumau, inā koa i roto i te kawe waea hiriwa, i ngā wāhanga moroiti rānei.
3. Te Hangarua i te Hiriwa mai i ngā Para Hiko (Te Keri i te Tāone)
Ko tētahi o ngā whanaketanga nui ko te aro nui haere ki te keri maina o te tāone, te tango i ngā konganuku utu nui mai i ngā hua kua makahia. Kei roto i ngā para hiko (para hiko) te hiriwa i roto i ngā hononga, i ētahi tūhono, i ngā hoapā hiko, me ngā papa PCB.
a) Maimoatanga-mua o ēnei rā: te wehenga e ahu mai ana i te pūoko
I mua i te tango matū, me whai wā motuhake te wehenga rauemi. Ko ngā hangarau o nāianei e whakamahi ana i ngā pūoko whatu, te hihi-X fluorescence (XRF), me te whakarōpūtanga mātotoru, ngā papa aukume rānei hei wehewehe i ngā wāhanga whai rawa i te konganuku. Mā tēnei ka whakaitihia te whakamahinga o ngā matū matū, ka whakanuia hoki te taumata whāngai hiriwa.
b) Te horoinga koiora: te mahi a ngā moroiti
Ka whakamahia e te biological leaching ētahi huakita motuhake hei āwhina i te whakarewa i ngā konganuku mai i ngā rauemi. Ahakoa he puhoi ake i ngā tukanga matū, he pai ngā painga pēnei i te iti o te pānga ki te taiao me te iti o te whakapaunga pūngao. Ko ngā whanaketanga hou e aro ana ki te whakapiki i ngā tere tauhohenga mā te arotau i te kai moroiti, te hau, me te hoahoa bioreactor.
c) Te mahi whakarewa ma me te whakahaere tukunga
Mō ētahi rauemi, kei te whai tikanga tonu ngā tikanga whakamahana (pyrometallurgical). Ko te hangarau hou e aro nui ana ki te whakahaere tukunga mā te whakamahi i ngā pūnaha tātari hau putanga kua whakapaitia, te hopu matūriki pai, me te whakaora wera mō ngā tukanga whai hua ake.
4. Hangarau Hanga me te Hanga Hiriwa Tika Ake
Kia whiwhihia te hiriwa parakore, ko te mahi e whai ake nei ko te hanga hua: whakapaipai, moni/paera, waahanga hiko, paninga tiaki, me ngā rauemi whai hua.
a) Tānga 3D o te konganuku (Whakanao Tāpiri) i runga i te hiriwa
Mā te hanga tāpiri ka huaki ake ngā huarahi mō ngā hoahoa uaua e uaua ana ki te hanga mā ngā tikanga tuku iho. Mō ngā whakapaipai me ngā wāhanga motuhake, mā ngā hangarau pēnei i te pupuhi here me ngā tukanga whakahāngai paura hiriwa ka taea te hanga i ngā āhua uaua me te whakaiti i te para rauemi. Ko ngā wero tonu ko te whakahaere i te porowhita, te kaha miihini, me te whakaoti mata kia puta ai he hua maeneene, pumau.
b) Te whakarewa werohanga whakarewa (MIM) mō te whakaputa papatipu
Mō ngā wāhanga iti, tino tika, he otinga whai hua te MIM. Ka konatunatua te paura hiriwa ki tētahi mea here, ka hangaia kia rite ki te kirihou, kātahi ka tangohia te here, ka whakakāhia. Ko te hangarau MIM hou e aro nui ana ki te whakahaere i te rahi o te matūriki, ngā hanganga here e māmā ake te horoi, me te whakakāhia i roto i te āhuarangi whakahaere hei ārai i te waikura me te whakakorenga tae.
c) Te hurihuri me te kukume waea me te aroturuki mamati
He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te waea hiriwa i roto i ngā mahi hikohiko me ngā mahi motuhake. Kei roto i ngā tukanga kukume waea hou ngā pūnaha aroturuki hei whakahaere i te ahotea kume, te whakahinuhinu, me te pāmahana. Mā tēnei ka whakaitihia ngā hapa pēnei i ngā kapiti moroiti, ā, ka hua ake he hua ōrite ake.
5. Hangarau Paninga me te Parenga Ārai-Pai
Ko te ngoikore o te hiriwa he ngāwari te pirau (pango) nā te tauhohenga ki ngā matū whanariki i te rangi. Nō reira, kei te whanake tonu ngā hangarau paninga me te tiaki mata.
a) Te whakakikorua hiko me te whakakikorua pātere
Ko te tikanga whakakikorua hiko hou e whakamahi ana i te whakakikoruatanga pāorooro hei whakaputa i tētahi paparanga hiriwa ōrite ake, kiato ake, ā, he ātete hoki ki te kakahu. Mā tēnei tikanga ka taea te whakahaere tika i te matotoru o te paparanga—he mea nui i roto i te umanga hononga hiko.
b) Paninga ārai-whakakino e ahu mai ana i te hangarau nano
Ko ētahi atu auahatanga ko ngā paninga angiangi, he mea hanga ki ngā nanomaterial, ngā paparanga polymer mārama rānei e tiaki ana i te hiriwa mai i te whanariki me te makuku, me te kore e whakaiti i tōna kanapa. I roto i ngā whakapaipai, ka whakapai ake tēnei hangarau i te roa o tōna āhua me te whakaiti i te hiahia mō te whakakanapa anō.
c) Te whakakorekore me te maimoatanga mata e pai ana ki te taiao
Kei te tīmata ētahi ahumahi ki te huri ki ngā hua tiaki matū e haumaru ake ana mō ngā kaimahi me te taiao. Ko te arotahi ko te whakaiti i te whakamahinga o ngā matū kino me te whakakapi i aua mea ki ngā whakatakotoranga pumau engari whai hua.
6. Te Whakamamati me te Ahumahi 4.0 i roto i te Tukatuka Hiriwa
Kei te hurihia hoki te umanga whakarewa e te panonitanga matihiko, tae atu ki te hiriwa. Kei te whakatinanahia e ngā wheketere hou ngā pūoko, te aunoatanga, me te tātari raraunga hei whakapai ake i te kounga me te whai huatanga.
a) Te whakahaere tukanga wā-tūturu
Mā ngā pūoko mō te pH, te kawe hiko, te kukū katote konganuku, me te pāmahana ka taea te whakahaere tika ake i te tukanga. Ka taea e ngā pūnaha aunoa te whakarite tere i te horopeta o te matū, te iahiko, te tere rere rānei kia rite ai ngā hua parakore.
b) Te tiaki matapae
Me tiaki ngā mīhini hurihuri, ngā pūtau hikohiko, ngā papu, tae atu ki ngā pūnaha tātari. Mā te whakamahi i ngā raraunga wiri, pāmahana, me te mahi, ka āwhina ngā pūnaha tiaki matapae i te matapae i ngā hapa i mua i te puta, ka whakaiti i te wā kore mahi me te whakaheke i ngā utu.
c) Te arotau i te pūngao me te tapuwae waro
Ko ngā hangarau whai hua o te pūngao, te whakaora wera, me te arotau i ngā raina tukanga kua whai wāhi inaianei ki ngā rautaki ahumahi hei whakaiti i ngā tukunga. He mea nui tēnei i te mea kei te aro nui haere ngā kaihoko me ngā kaiwhakahaere ki te oranga tonutanga.
Whakamutunga
Ko ngā hangarau hou o te tukatuka hiriwa e tohu ana i tētahi huarahi mārama: ko ngā tukanga whiriwhiri, ma, whai hua, me te mamati. Mai i te tango i ngā mea rerekē kāore he cyanide, te wehenga whiriwhiri me ngā kapia, me te wini hiko whakahaeretia, ki te hangarua para-hiko me te hanga tika pērā i te tānga 3D, ka whai wāhi katoa ki tētahi umanga hiriwa hou ake, pumau ake. I ngā rā kei te heke mai, ko te whakakotahitanga o te auahatanga rauemi, te aunoatanga, me te ōhanga porowhita ka noho hei mea nui ki te whakatutuki i te tono hiriwa o te ao me te kore e piki ake te pānga ki te taiao. Nō reira, ehara te hiriwa i te mea he konganuku ataahua anake, engari he rauemi rautaki anō hoki e whanake tonu ana te tukatuka kia tutuki ai ngā tono o te wā.
