Ngā tikanga hanga koranu whakarewa mō ngā hanganga whare
I te ao hanga hou, kei te piki haere tonu te hiahia mō ngā rauemi kaha, pakari, me te whai hua. Ko tētahi o ngā whakautu matua ki tēnei hiahia ko ngā konukōre—he konganuku i hangaia mā te whakaranu i ngā huānga e rua, neke atu rānei, hei whakatutuki i ngā āhuatanga miihini me te ātete taiao pai ake i ngā konganuku parakore. I roto i ngā hanganga whare, ka whakamahia ngā konukōre ki ngā anga maitai, ngā hononga, ngā pereti, ngā pou, ngā kurupae, ngā taura, tae noa ki ngā whakapiri. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā tikanga hanga konukōre e pā ana ki ngā tono hanganga whare, mai i te kōwhiringa hanganga ki ngā tukanga hanga me te whakamātautau kounga.
1. Ngā mātāpono taketake o ngā whakarewa i roto i te hanganga
He iti noa iho ngā ngoikoretanga o ngā konganuku parakore pērā i te rino, te konumohe rānei: ka ngawari rawa, ka waikura ngāwari, ka kore rānei e pumau i ētahi pāmahana. Mā te whakamahi i ngā koranu, ka taea e ngā kaihanga te whakahaere i ngā āhuatanga o te rauemi, hei tauira:
– Te kaha kume me te kaha tuku (he mea nui mō te amo kawenga).
– He ngāwari te hanga kia kore ai e pakaru wawe.
– Te pakeke mō te ātete ki te kakahu.
– Ātete ki te waikura mō ngā taiao makuku, takutai moana, ahumahi rānei.
– Ngā āheinga whakarewa me te hanga mō te ngāwari o te huihuinga i te parae.
I roto i ngā hanganga whare, ko ngā mea whakarewa tino noa ko:
– Te maitai waro me te maitai koranu iti mō ngā kurupae me ngā pou.
– He kowiri tira mō ngā taiao waikura, mō ngā hoahoa whare rānei.
– Ngā koranu konumohe mō ngā mata o mua, ngā anga rama, me ētahi wāhanga kore-hanganga.
2. Hoahoa hanganga koranu
Ka tīmata tonu ngā tikanga hanga koranu i te hoahoa hanganga. Ka whakatauhia e ngā miihini whakarewa ko ēhea ngā huānga hei tāpiri i runga i te mahi me ngā whāinga utu. Ngā tauira o ngā tūranga huānga:
– Ka whakanui ake te waro (C) i roto i te maitai i te kaha me te pakeke, engari ka taea e te nui rawa te whakaiti i te kaha whakarewa.
– Ka āwhina te konupora (Mn) ki te whakanui i te kaha me te here i te whanariki kia whakaitihia ai te pakarukaru.
– Ka whakanui ake te Chromium (Cr) i te ātete ki te waikura me te waikura.
– Ka whakanui ake te nikara (Ni) i te pakari, inā koa i ngā pāmahana iti.
– Ka whakanui ake te molybdenum (Mo) i te ātete ki te ngokingoki me ētahi waikura.
– Ka āwhina te Silicon (Si) i te tukanga tango waikura, ā, ka taea hoki te whakanui ake i te kaha.
I roto i ngā koranu konumohe, ka tīpakohia ngā huānga pēnei i te Mg, Si, Zn, Cu hei whakanui i te kaha, i te ātete rānei ki te waikura, me te whai whakaaro tonu ki te ngāwari o te whakaputa me te whakarewa.
3. Ngā tikanga whakarewa me te whakamahine
Ko te hanga koranu i te tauine ahumahi ka mahia mā te tukanga rewa i roto i te oumu, ā, muri iho ka purea hei tango i ngā poke.
a) Te Oumu Pahū me te Oumu Hāora Taketake (OOF)
Mō te maitai hanga papatipu, ko te huarahi matarohia ko:
1. Ka puta te rino rewa (te konganuku wera) i roto i te oumu pahū (oven) mai i te konganuku rino.
2. Ka hurihia e te BOF (umu hāora taketake) te rino rewa hei maitai mā te pupuhi hāora hei whakaiti i te nui o te waro me te tango i ngā poke.
He pai tēnei ara mō ngā mahi whakaputa nui pēnei i ngā kōtaha maitai hanganga.
b) Ōumu Āwhata Hiko (EAF)
E whakamahia whānuitia ana ngā EAF mō te hangarua i ngā para me te whakaputa i ngā momo maitai rerekē. Ko ō rātou painga ko:
– He ngāwari ake te whakahaere i te tito.
– He pai mō te hanga i ētahi maitai koranu.
– He māmā ake te whakarerekē i te kounga ki ngā hiahia o te kaupapa.
c) Te whakamahine tuarua (te whakarewa tuarua)
Kia tutuki ai te maitai i ngā paerewa hanganga whare, ka mahia ētahi atu tukatuka pēnei i:
– Te tango waikura (te whakaiti i te hāora rewa) hei ārai i te porosity.
– Te tango i te whanariki (te whakaiti i te whanariki) hei whakanui i te pakari.
– Te tango hau korehau (te tango i ngā hau pēnei i te hauwai) hei ārai i te pakaru o te hauwai me ngā hapa o roto.
– Te tāpiri tika o ngā huānga whakarewa hei whakarite i ngā āhuatanga ōrite o te rauemi.
He mea tino nui te wāhanga whakamahine tuarua mō ngā maitai kaha-tiketike, mō ngā maitai rānei ka whakarewaina i te parae.
4. Ngā tikanga whakarewa me te hanganga tuatahi
Kia pai te hanganga, ka hangaia te konganuku rewa hei āhua kua oti-haurua.
a) Te whakarewa tonu
I ēnei rā, ko te tikanga whakarewa tonu te tikanga matua. Ka ringihia tonutia te maitai whakarewa ki roto i ngā pereti, ngā putiputi, ngā pereki rānei, kātahi ka tapahia kia rite te roa. Ko ōna painga:
– Te tino whai huatanga.
– He hanganga moroiti ōrite ake.
– Ka whakaiti i ngā hapa ki te whakataurite ki te whakarewatanga ingota tuku iho.
b) Te whakarewatanga o ngā ingota (kāore i te tino kitea)
E whakamahia ana mō ētahi tono motuhake, engari he ngāwari ake te wehewehe i ngā huānga whakarewa, ā, me tukatuka atu.
5. Te hanga werawera: te hurihuri, te hanga, me te whakaputa
Me whai tukanga hanga ngā āhua hanganga pēnei i ngā kurupae-I, ngā kurupae-H, ngā hongere-C, ngā pereti, ngā pae whakakaha rānei.
a) Te hurihuri wera
Ka whakamahanahia te pereti, te pua rānei, kātahi ka hurihia ki roto i:
– Ngā pereti mō ngā hononga me ngā pereti turanga.
– Ngā kōtaha hanganga (H, I, U, L) mō ngā kurupae me ngā pou.
– Ngā pae me ngā tokotoko waea hei whakamau i ngā wāhanga.
Ka āwhina hoki te hurihuri wera ki te whakamahine i te hanganga o te witi me te whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga hangarau.
b) Te hurihuri whakahaere / TMCP (Te Tukatuka Whakahaere Thermo-Mīhini)
He tikanga nui tēnei mō ngā maitai kaha-teitei, iti-koranu. Mā te whakahaere i te pāmahana me te whakaiti i te pāmahana i te wā e hurihuri ana, ka tutuki i ngā kaihanga:
– Ngā kakano pai ake (te whakamahine i te kakano).
– He kaha teitei, engari kāore e nui rawa te whakanui i te nui o te waro.
– He pai ake te ngāwari ki te whakarewa, he pai mō te hanga piriti me ngā whare teitei.
c) Te hanga
Whakamahia mō ngā wāhanga e hiahia ana kia tino pakari, pērā i ngā here motuhake, ngā punga, ngā wāhanga hononga taumaha rānei. Ka whakapai ake te hanga i te whakatakotoranga o te kakano whakarewa, ka whakaiti hoki i ngā pūwero o roto.
d) Te whakaputanga (konumohe anake)
Ka hangaia ngā kōtaha konumohe mō ngā mata o mua me ngā anga māmā mā te extrusion: ka whakamahanahia ngā pereki, kātahi ka panaia mā roto i te mata hei whakaputa i ngā kōtaha uaua, māmā.
6. Te whakamahana (te whakamahana) hei whakahaere i ngā āhuatanga
Ko te whāinga o te maimoatanga wera he huri i te hanganga moroiti kia tutuki ai ngā āhuatanga whakamutunga i ngā whakaritenga hoahoa.
I roto i te hanganga maitai:
– Mā te whakataurite ka pai ake te ōritetanga me te pakari o te hanganga.
– Ka puta he kaha nui mai i te tinei me te whakamahana (Q&T), e whakamahia ana i ētahi wāhanga e hiahia ana kia kaha ake.
– Mā te whakaiti i te ahotea ka whakaiti i ngā ahotea toenga e puta mai ana i te whakarewa, i te hanga rānei.
I roto i ētahi koranu konumohe:
– Mā te whakamahana me te whakatōtōtanga o te otinga (hei tauira, te raupapa 6xxx, 7xxx rānei) ka kaha ake mā te whakatōtō.
Me whai whakaaro te kōwhiringa o te maimoatanga wera ki te ātete ki te pakaru, te āheinga whakarewa, me te mahi roa.
7. Ngā tikanga whakarei ake i te ātete ki te waikura mō ngā taiao hanga whare
He maha ngā wā ka pāngia ngā hanganga whare e te ua, te haumākū, te tote (takutai), ngā poke ahumahi rānei. Nō reira, hei tāpiri atu ki te whiriwhiri i te koranu tika, ka whakamahia hoki ngā tikanga tiaki:
– He mea tino noa te paninga konutea (whakakikorua) mō te maitai hanganga kia ātete ai ki te waikura.
– He pai te maitai ā-huarere (arā, ētahi koranu hei hanga i te patina tiaki) mō ētahi āhuatanga o te hau.
– He kowiri tira mō ngā wāhi e ātete ana ki te waikura, ā, he iti noa te tiaki.
– Ngā pūnaha paninga (epoxy, polyurethane, me ētahi atu) hei parenga tāpiri.
Ehara i te mea he take ataahua anake te ātete ki te waikura, engari he take haumaru anō hoki nā te mea ka taea e te waikura te whakaiti i te whakawhiti-whakawhiti whai hua me te arahi i te rahunga hanganga.
8. Te whakahaere kounga me te whakamātautau rauemi
Me tutuki i ngā koranu whakarewa mō ngā hanganga whare ētahi paerewa hangarau (hei tauira, ngā paerewa hanganga, kaha, me te pakari). Ko ngā tikanga kounga ko:
– Whakamātautau kume hei whakatau i te kaha tuku, te kaha kume, me te roa.
– Whakamātautau pānga (Charpy) hei aromatawai i te pakari, inā koa ki ngā maitai e mahi ana i ngā pāmahana iti.
– Te whakamātautau mārō hei tohu mō ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha.
– Te tātari matū hei whakarite kia tika te hanganga o te koranu.
– Ngā Whakamātautau Kore-Whakangaro (NDT) pērā i te whakamātautau ultrasonic, te whakaahua X-ray, te whakamātautau matūriki aukume, te whakamātautau werohanga tae rānei hei kimi i ngā hapa o roto/mata.
– Ngā tirotiro i ngā ine me te manawanui hei whakarite kia tutuki ngā whakaritenga hanga i ngā kōtaha.
Mā te pai o te whakahaere kounga ka noho haumaru te rauemi ki te whakamahi, ki te ngāwari ki te whakarewa, ā, ka rite tonu te mahi mai i te puranga ki te puranga.
9. Ngā wero me ngā ahunga whanaketanga
Kei te whanake tonu te umanga koranu hanga. Ko ngā wero matua ko:
– Te taurite i waenga i te kaha me te āheinga whakarewa (he maha ngā wā ka pāngia te hononga o te kaha nui e te pakaru o te whakarewa mena kāore i te tika te hoahoa).
– Te whai huatanga o te utu nā te mea he nui te utu mō ētahi huānga whakarewa.
– Te pumau mā te whakapiki ake i te hangarua, te whai huatanga o te pūngao me te whakaiti i ngā tukunga.
Ko ngā aronga whanaketanga ko te whakamahinga o te maitai HSLA (High Strength Low Alloy) mama engari kaha ake, te whakamahinga o te TMCP tika ake, me ngā whakapainga ki ngā tukanga EAF e ahu mai ana i ngā para hei whakaiti i te tapuwae waro.
Whakamutunga
Ko te hangarau o ngā koranu whakarewa mō ngā hanganga whare he maha ngā tukanga e hono tahi ana: mai i te hoahoa hanganga, te rewa me te whakamahine, te whakarewa, te hanga wera-mīhini, te maimoatanga wera, ki te tiaki waikura me te whakahaere kounga. Mā ngā koranu kua hoahoatia me te tukatukahia tika ka puta he rauemi kaha, pakari, me te haumaru e kaha ana ki te tu atu i ngā kawenga me ngā āhuatanga taiao mō ngā tekau tau. I te whanaketanga o te hangarau whakarewa me ngā tono uaua haere o ngā whare, ko te mārama ki te hangarau koranu whakarewa he tūāpapa nui mō te kounga me te pumau o ngā hanganga ā muri ake nei.
