Me pēhea te hanga konganuku koranu mō ngā wāhanga mīhini
Ko ngā konukōre te rauemi e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te hanga o ngā wāhanga mīhini nā te mea ka whakakotahi i ngā āhuatanga pai kāore i kitea i roto i ngā konganuku parakore. Mā te whakaranu i ngā huānga e rua, neke atu rānei—hei tauira, te rino me te waro, te chromium, te nickel, te molybdenum, te vanadium rānei—ka taea e tātou te whakatutuki i te kaha kume, te ātete ki te kakahu, te ātete ki te waikura, te pakari, tae atu ki te pumau i ngā pāmahana teitei. I roto i te umanga mīhini, ko te kounga o te konukōre te mea nui hei whakatau i te roa o te ora o ngā wāhanga pēnei i ngā pou, ngā taputapu, ngā whāriki, ngā puna, ngā nati me ngā pūtu, ngā poraka mīhini, me ngā wāhanga rerekē e mahi ana i raro i ngā kawenga hihiri. Nō reira, me whakahaere te tukanga hanga konukōre i raro i te mana whakahaere tino tika, mai i te kōwhiringa rauemi ki te whakamātautau whakamutunga.
1. Whakatauhia ngā whakaritenga mō ngā wāhanga mīhini
Ko te taahiraa tuatahi i mua i te hanga i tētahi koranu ko te mārama ki te mahi a te wāhanga mīhini e hangaia ana. He rerekē ngā whakaritenga āhuatanga rauemi o ia wāhanga. Me nui te mārō o te mata o ngā taputapu me te matua ngāwari hei tu atu i te ru. Me nui te pakari me te ātete ngenge o ngā toki. Me pai te ātete waikura o ngā wāhanga i roto i ngā taiao waikura, pērā i ngā papu matū, ngā miihini moana rānei. I runga i ēnei whakaritenga, ka whakatauhia e ngā kaihanga rauemi ngā āhuatanga whainga: te kaha kume (UTS), te kaha tuku, te mārō, te pakari pānga, te ngāwari, te ātete kakahu, me te ātete waikura, te pāmahana teitei rānei.
Kia whakatūria ngā āhuatanga e hiahiatia ana, ka tīpakohia te momo koranu e tika ana, pērā i te maitai waro, te maitai koranu iti, te maitai kore waikura, te koranu rino maka, te koranu konumohe, te koranu parahi rānei. Ka whakaarohia hoki e tēnei kōwhiringa ngā utu whakaputa, te wātea o ngā rauemi mata, te ngāwari o te tukatuka, me ngā paerewa ahumahi e tika ana.
2. Te whiriwhiri i te hanganga o te koranu
Ko te hanganga koranu te "tohutao" matua e whakatau ana i te hanganga moroiti me ngā āhuatanga miihini o te rauemi. Ko te tauira tino noa ko te maitai, he koranu rino (Fe) me te waro (C). Ka whakanui te waro i te pakeke me te kaha, engari ka taea e te nui rawa te whakaiti i te ngāwari. Mā te tāpiri o te chromium (Cr) ka taea te whakapai ake i te waikura me te pakeketanga, ko te nickel (Ni) ka whakapai ake i te pakari me te ātete pakaru. Ka whakarei ake te molybdenum (Mo) i te ātete pāmahana teitei me te whakanui ake i te kaha, ko te vanadium (V) ka whakatikatika i te rahi o te kōpura me te whakapai ake i te ātete kakahu.
I roto i te ahumahi, ko ngā hanganga koranu ka piri ki ngā paerewa pēnei i te ASTM, JIS, DIN, SNI rānei hei whakarite i te kounga pumau. Hei tauira, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā taputapu ngā maitai koranu pēnei i te SCM (Cr-Mo), he pai mō te whakamahana. Mō ngā taiao waikura, ko ngā maitai kowiri tira pēnei i te momo 304, 316 rānei (kei roto ko te Cr me te Ni, ā, i roto i te 316, ka tāpirihia te Mo).
3. Te whakarite i ngā rauemi mata me te whakahaere kounga tuatahi
Ko ngā rauemi mata mō te whakarewa ka uru atu ki ngā konganuku parakore, ngā konukōre ferro (hei tauira, te ferrochrome, te ferromanganese), me ngā para kua whakarōpūtia. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā para nā te mea he iti te utu, engari me tino whakahaeretia nā te mea kei roto pea ngā poke pēnei i te whanariki (S), te whākawa (P), me ētahi atu huānga kāore e hiahiatia. Mā te nui o te whanariki me te whākawa ka pakarukaru te rauemi, ka pakaru wera, ka whakaiti i te ātete ki te ngenge.
I mua i te whakarewatanga, ka tirotirohia ngā rauemi mata: te whakarōpūtanga mā te momo, te tango i te hinu/waikura taikaha, me te whakamātautau i te hanganga mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga pēnei i te Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES). He mea nui tēnei whakahaere hei whakatau tika i te hanganga koranu whakamutunga.
4. Te tukanga whakarewa me te hanga koranu
Ko te wāhanga matua o te hanga koranu whakarewa ko te whakarewa me te whakaranu i ngā huānga i roto i te oumu. Ko ngā momo oumu noa ko:
1. Ōumu Whakapūmau: He pai mō ngā koranu he tino tika te whakahaere i te hanganga me te pai o te horoi o te konganuku. He whānuitia te whakamahinga mō ngā maitai koranu me ngā koranu kore-koranu.
2. Ōumu Āwhata Hiko (EAF): He mea noa i roto i ngā ahumahi maitai nui, ka taea te whakarewa i te nui o ngā para.
3. Ōumu Pahū me te Kaitahuri (BOF): Ko te tikanga mō te whakaputa rino me te maitai i roto i te tauine nui, inā koa mai i te konganuku.
I te whakarewatanga, ka whakaurua te rauemi i roto i ngā wāhanga. Kia tae ki te konganuku rewa, ka tāpirihia ngā huānga whakarewa kia rite ki ngā tātaitanga. Me tūpato ngā tāpiritanga: he pūngāwerewere ētahi huānga, he tauhohe rānei ki te hāora, nō reira he nui te pānga o te raupapa me te wā o te tāpiritanga ki ngā hua. Hei tauira, ka tāpirihia te konupūmā (Mn) hei āwhina i te "here" i te whanariki, ko te konumohe ia (Al) ka whakamahia mō te tango waikura (te whakaiti i te hāora rewa) hei ārai i te hanganga o te porosity me ngā whakaurunga kino.
5. Te whakamahine i te whakarewa wai: te tango i te waikura, te tango i te whanariki, me te tango hau
Kia kaha ai, kia pono ai hoki ngā wāhanga o te mīhini, me "ma" te konganuku rewa. Ka taea e ngā poke pērā i te hāora, te hauwai, te hauota, te whanariki, me ngā whakaurunga kore-konganuku te whakakorikori i ngā kapiti me te whakaiti i te ātete ki te ngenge.
Ko ētahi tikanga purenga ko:
– Te tango-hāora: Te tāpiri i te Al, Si, Mn rānei hei here i te hāora.
– Te whakakorenga whanariki: Te whakaiti i te whanariki mā te tāpiri i te raima (CaO) me te hanga para ka taea te kukume i te whanariki.
– Te tango hau korehau: Te tango i ngā hau rewa (ina koa ko te hauwai me te hauota) mā te tukanga korehau, he mea nui i roto i te maitai kounga teitei mō ngā wāhanga nui pēnei i ngā toki tāpine me ngā taputapu ngaohiko teitei.
– Te whakamahine i te para: He mahi tā te para ki te hopu i ngā poke. Mā te whakahaere i te hanganga para (koima, fluorspar, alumina) ka whakatau i te whai huatanga o te whakamahine.
6. Te ringihanga me te hanganga tuatahi (te whakarewanga)
Kia tutuki te hanganga me te parakore o te konganuku rewa ki ngā whāinga, ko te mahi e whai ake nei ko te whakarewa. E rua ngā huarahi matua:
1. Te whakarewatanga o te konganuku: Ka ringihia te konganuku rewa ki roto i tētahi pokepokea nui, kātahi ka tukatukahia te konganuku mā te hanga, te hurihuri rānei. He tikanga noa tēnei mō ngā wāhanga e hiahia ana ki tētahi hanganga matotoru me ngā āhuatanga miihini teitei.
2. Te whakarewa tonu: Ka ringihia tonutia te konganuku rewa ki roto i ngā pereki, ngā putiputi, ngā pereti rānei. He pai tēnei tikanga mō te whakaputa papatipu me te kounga pumau.
He mea nui te whakahaere i te pāmahana i roto i te ringihanga. Ka taea e te pāmahana teitei rawa te whakanui ake i te waikura; ka taea e te pāmahana iti rawa te whakararuraru (kāore te konganuku e whakakī katoa i te pokepokea ai). Hei tāpiri, ka pā te hoahoa o te awa ringihanga me te pūwero ki te pūwero whakaheke me te wehewehenga o ngā huānga.
7. Ngā tukanga hanga: te hanga, te hurihuri, me te miihini tuatahi
He maha ngā wāhanga mīhini e hangaia ana mā roto i ngā tukanga hanga kirihou hei whakapai ake i te hanganga o te rauemi. Hei tauira, ka taea e te hanga te whakanui ake i te kaha me te pakari mā te whakamahine i te kakano me te whakahaere i te rere o te kakano kia whai i te āhua o te wāhanga. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te hurihuri hei hanga i ngā tokotoko, i ngā pereti, i ngā kōtaha rānei.
I muri i te hanganga, ka tukatukahia ngā wāhanga i te tuatahi (ka tukatukahia ā-ringa) kia rite ki te rahi whakamutunga, ka waiho he wā mo te tukatuka wera me te whakaoti.
8. Te whakamahana hei whakatutuki i ngā āhuatanga e hiahiatia ana
Ko ngā konukōre mō ngā wāhanga mīhini me whakamahana tonu kia whiwhi ai i ngā āhuatanga tino pai. Ko ētahi o ngā whakamahana noa ko:
– Te whakamahana: Ka whakangawari i te rauemi, ka whakaiti i te ahotea toenga, ka whakapai ake i te ngāwari.
– Te Whakaōrite: Ka whakaōrite i te hanganga moroiti, ka whakapai ake i te ōritetanga me te kaha ki te whakataurite ki te whakamahana.
– Te tinei me te whakamahana: Mā te tinei (te whakamatao tere) ka mārō ake, kātahi ka whakaitihia te pakarukaru e te whakamahana, ā, ka taurite te kaha me te pakari.
– Te whakakāpū/te whakanitiritiri: Te whakamaroke i te mata o ngā taputapu me ngā wāhanga waku. Ka tāpirihia e te whakakāpū te waro ki te mata; ka tāpirihia e te whakanitiritiri te hauota hei hanga i tētahi paparanga mārō, ātete ki te kakahu.
Ko te kōwhiringa o ngā tawhā—te pāmahana, te wā pupuri, me te reo whakamatao (wai, hinu, pūmua, hau)—he pānga nui ki te pakeketanga whakamutunga, te hē, me te mōrearea o te ngatata.
9. Te whakaoti, te tirotiro me te whakamātautau
Ko te wāhanga whakamutunga ko te whakaoti me te whakahaere kounga. Ka uru pea ki te whakaoti te miihini tika, te huri, te whakakanapa, me te paninga, mēnā e tika ana. Whai muri i tēnā, ka whakahaerehia he whakamātautau hei whakarite kia tutuki ngā whakaritenga i roto i te rauemi:
– Whakamātautau hanganga matū (OES, XRF rānei).
– Whakamātautau mārō (Rockwell, Brinell, Vickers).
– Ngā whakamātautau kume me te pānga (Charpy).
– Ngā whakamātautau whakarewa hei tirotiro i te hanganga moroiti, te rahi o te kōpura, me ngā whakaurunga.
– Ngā Whakamātautau Kore-Whakangaro (NDT) pērā i te whakamātautau ultrasonic, te matūriki aukume, te werohanga tae hei kimi i ngā hapa me te kore e kino ngā wāhanga.
– Whakamātautau ngenge mō ngā wāhanga e pāngia ana e ngā kawenga huringa.
Mēnā ka kitea he rerekētanga, ka mahia he mahi whakatika: te whakarerekētanga hanganga, te arotau i te maimoatanga wera, te whakapai ake rānei i te tukanga ringihanga me te hanga.
Whakamutunga
Ko te hanga koranu mō ngā wāhanga mīhini he raupapa o ngā tukanga e hono tahi ana: mai i te whakatau i ngā āhuatanga rauemi e hiahiatia ana, te whiriwhiri i te hanganga, te rewa me te whakamahine, te whakarewa, te hanga, te maimoatanga wera, me te whakamātautau whakamutunga. Ko te kī ki te angitu kei roto i te whakahaere i te hanganga me te ma o te konganuku, me te whakahaere tukanga tika kia tutuki ai te hanganga moroiti e puta mai ana i ngā whakaritenga o te wāhanga. Mā te tukanga whakahaere me te paerewa, ka taea e ngā koranu te whakaputa i ngā wāhanga mīhini he kaha, he pakari, he haumaru hoki mō te whakamahi i roto i ngā momo tono ahumahi.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarite i tēnei tuhinga kia tino motuhake ake—hei tauira, te arotahi ki ngā maitai koranu taputapu, ngā koranu konumohe motuka, ngā maitai kowiri tira wāhanga papu rānei—me ngā tauira hanganga me ngā hoahoa rere tukanga.
