Te Ariā Tūturu i roto i ngā Hononga ā-Ao
Ko te ariā Realism tētahi o ngā huarahi tino whai mana ki te ako i ngā whanaungatanga ā-ao (IR). Mā te Realism ka whakamārama he aha i maha ai ngā whenua e mahi whakataetae ana, he aha i mau tonu ai ngā pakanga ahakoa te noho o ngā umanga ā-ao, me te aha i maha ai ngā wā ka nui ake te haumarutanga ā-motu i te mahi tahi ā-ao. I runga i te whakaaro kāore he mana nui o te hapori o te ao e kaha ana ki te akiaki i ngā whenua katoa kia whakaae, e titiro ana te Realism ki ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā whenua hei papa o ngā pakanga mana tonu.
Te Māramatanga me ngā Whakaaro Taketake o te Realism
I te nuinga o te wā, e toru ngā whakaaro matua e arohia ana e te realism. Tuatahi, he pūnaha anarchy te pūnaha o te ao. Ehara te "Anarchy" i konei i te tikanga o te pōrearea, engari ko te korenga o tētahi kāwanatanga o te ao e kaha ana ki te whakatinana i ngā ture tino tika. Nō reira, me whakawhirinaki ngā whenua ki a rātou anō (āwhina-whaiaro) kia ora ai.
Tuarua, ko ngā kāwanatanga ngā kaiwhakaari matua i roto i ngā mahi tōrangapū o te ao. Ahakoa te noho o ngā whakahaere o te ao, ngā umanga ā-motu, me ngā whakahaere kore-kāwanatanga, e titiro ana te realism kei a rātou tonu te kaha nui ki te whakamahi i te kaha, ki te whakatakoto kaupapa here ki tāwāhi , me te whakatau rautaki.
Tuatoru, ko ngā painga ā-motu—ina koa ko te oranga tonutanga me te haumarutanga—ko ngā whāinga matua o te kāwanatanga. E kite ana te tirohanga pono he maha ngā wā ka noho whakamuri te matatika me te whakaaro pai ina rongo te kāwanatanga i te mōrearea. I roto i ngā āhuatanga pōrearea, ka tātaihia e ngā kāwanatanga me te whakaaro nui: ko ēhea kaupapa here ka whakakaha i tō rātou tūranga, ko ēhea ka ngoikore.
Ngā Pūtake Hītori o te Realism
Ehara te Realism i te ariā hou. Ka taea te whai i ngā whakaaro realism ki ngā mahi tawhito pērā i te "Peloponnesian War" a Thucydides, e whakaatu ana i te āhua o te mana me te wehi e whakatau ana i ngā whakataunga tōrangapū. I roto i te kōrero rongonui a Melos, e whakaatu ana a Thucydides i te arorau uaua o te tōrangapū mana: ka mahia e te hunga kaha te mea e taea e rātou, ā, ka whakamanawanui te hunga ngoikore i te mea e tika ana kia mahia e rātou.
I roto i te pukapuka The Prince, i whakanuia e ētahi atu kaipūkenga whakaaro te hiranga o te mana me te whakaaro nui ki ngā mahi tōrangapū. I taua wā anō, i whakaahua a Thomas Hobbes i tētahi "āhua o te taiao" e kī ana i te koretake me te pakanga—he pikitia e whakatauritea ana ki te pūnaha o te ao e ngā kaipūkenga tūturu o ēnei rā.
I te rautau 20, i rongonui te realism i muri i te korenga o te idealism i muri i te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao, i whakapono ai ka taea e te tūmatanui tuwhera me ngā umanga o te ao te aukati i te pakanga. Ko te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao te tohu kino kāore i te rawaka ngā whakaaro pai i ngā wā katoa, ā, ka puta te riri ina whakararuraruhia te taurite o te mana.
Te Ao Tūturu o te Ao: Te Mana me te Āhua Tangata
Ko te ariā tūturu tawhito, e hono pinepine ana ki a Hans J. Morgenthau, e whakanui ana ko ngā pūtake o te pakanga o te ao i ahu mai i te āhua o te tangata ki te rapu mana. E ai ki tēnei tirohanga, kāore e taea e ngā kaiārahi me ngā kāwanatanga te mawhiti katoa i te hiahia ki te pupuri i te awe, te mana, me te rangatiratanga. Ko te kaupapa tōrangapū o te ao i te mutunga ko ngā kaupapa tōrangapū mana.
I tautohe a Morgenthau ko ngā painga ā-motu ka tautuhia i runga i te mana. Ko te tikanga o tēnei, ko te kaupapa here ā-iwi o tētahi iwi ka aro tonu ki te pupuri, ki te whakarei ake rānei i tōna tūranga. I roto i tēnei horopaki , kāore te matatika e warewarehia katoatia engari me urutau ki te ao tūturu. Ko ngā mahi e kiia ana he "tika" ā-tikanga ka taea te noho morearea mena ka whakatuma i te haumarutanga o te iwi.
Neorealism: Te Hanganga o te Pūnaha Ao Whānui
I te mutunga o te rautau 20, i whakaurua mai e Kenneth Waltz te neorealism (te hanganga tūturu rānei). Kāore i rite ki te realism tawhito, i whakanuia te āhua tangata, ka whakanuia e te neorealism te hanganga o te pūnaha o te ao hei tino take o te whakataetae. Nā te mea kāore he mana whakahaere matua, ko ngā whenua - ngā manapori me ngā mana whakahaere - ka pāngia e ngā pēhanga ōrite: me whakarite e rātou te haumarutanga, me matapae i ngā tūmomo riri, me whakaiti i ngā ngoikoretanga.
I roto i te neorealism, ko te tohatoha mana (hei tauira, he unipolar, he bipolar, he multipolar rānei) he mea nui hei whakatau i te pumau. Hei tauira, ko te wā o te Pakanga Matao e kiia ana he pūnaha bipolar (te US me te Soviet Union). E kī ana ētahi kaitōrangapū tūturu ko te bipolarity ka hanga i te pumau whanaunga nā te mea he mārama ake ngā tataunga mana, he pakari ake ngā hononga, ā, he ngāwari ake te whakahaere i te mōrearea o te tataunga hē i roto i te pūnaha multipolar.
Ngā Ariā Matua i roto i te Realism
1. Mana
Ka taea e te mana te whakamahi i te ope taua, te ōhanga, te hangarau, te mana tōrangapū rānei. E titiro ana te Realism ki te mana hei taputapu matua mō te tiaki i ngā painga ā-motu. Ahakoa ka taea e ngā whenua te whakamahi i te "mana ngawari", ka aro nui te realism ki ngā āheinga akiaki hei mea whakatau.
2. Taurite o te Mana
E whakamārama ana tēnei ariā, ina kaha rawa te mana o tētahi whenua, ka ngana ētahi atu whenua ki te whakataurite mā te hanga hōia, te whakatū hononga, ngā rautaki aukati rānei. Ko te tikanga o te taurite mana he ārai i te mana tino kaha o tētahi rōpū, ahakoa kāore e ārai i ngā pakanga i ngā wā katoa.
3. Te raruraru haumarutanga
Ka puta he raruraru haumarutanga ina whakaarohia ngā mahi a tētahi whenua ki te whakapai ake i te haumarutanga—hei tauira, mā te whakapakari i tana ope taua—e tētahi atu whenua hei tūmomo mōrearea. Nō reira, ka whakautu te whenua kē mā te whakapakari anō i tana ope taua. Ka whakanuia e tēnei huringa ngā taupatupatu ahakoa kāore tetahi o ngā rōpū i te whai whakaaro ki te whakaeke i te tuatahi.
4. Ngā Pānga me ngā Painga Whakawhanaunga
E whakanui ana te Realism i te arotakenga o te mahi tahi a ngā kāwanatanga i runga i ngā hua ōrite, kaua i ngā hua tuturu anake. Ko te tikanga o tēnei, ka whakakahoretia pea e te kāwanatanga te mahi tahi e whai hua ana mēnā ka hua ake he hua nui ake mā te rōpū kē, ā, ka taea pea te whakarerekē i te taurite o te mana.
Te Tūturutanga i roto i te Mahi Tōrangapū o te Ao
He maha ngā kaupapa here o tāwāhi ka taea te whakamārama mā te tirohanga tūturu. Ko ngā whakataetae patu, ngā mahi tōrangapū hononga, me ngā rautaki ārai he tauira noa iho. Hei tauira, ko te ariā o te ārai karihi i ahu mai i tētahi tātaitanga whaitake: ki te nui rawa ngā utu o te whakaeke, ka mutu te whawhai a te hoa whawhai. E kī ana te tūturutanga he maha ngā wā ka hangaia te pumau ehara i te mea nā ngā whakaaro pai, engari nā te wehi i ngā hua ka puta.
Hei tāpiri atu, mā te realism ka whakamārama he aha i ētahi wā ka mahi ngā kāwanatanga i runga i te whai huatanga: te mahi tahi me ngā rōpū he rerekē ō rātou uara, he rerekē rānei ō rātou whakaaro, mō ngā whāinga rautaki. I roto i te tirohanga realism, he mea nui te whakaaro, engari ko te haumarutanga me ngā painga o te motu te mea e whakatau ana i te kōwhiringa whakamutunga.
Arotake i te Pono
Ahakoa tōna awe, kāore te ao tūturu e kore e whakahēngia e ngā kaitukino. Tuatahi, e kiia ana he tino pōuri rawa, ā, ka whakataurite i ngā pakanga. E kī ana ngā kaitukino kua whai hua te mahi tahi a te ao, ngā tikanga, me ngā umanga ki te aukati i ngā whanonga a te kāwanatanga i roto i te maha o ngā take, hei tauira mā roto i ngā tikanga hokohoko, ngā whakaaetanga taiao, te mana rānei o te ture o te ao.
Tuarua, e whakaarohia ana te realism hei kore aro ki ngā kaiwhakaari kore-kāwanatanga. I roto i te ao whānui, ka taea e ngā kamupene hangarau, ngā whakahaere o te ao, me ngā rōpū ā-motu te awe nui i ngā kaupapa here a te kāwanatanga. E whakaae ana te realism ki tō rātou noho, engari he maha ngā wā e kite ana i tō rātou awe he iti iho i ngā painga o te kāwanatanga.
Tuatoru, ko te ao tūturu ka whakaiti i te tūranga o ngā whakaaro me te tuakiri. Hei tauira, ko te tirohanga hangahanga e whakanui ana ehara i te mea ko te mana rauemi anake ngā tūmomo whakawehi, engari ko te tirohanga, te hītori, me te tuakiri anō hoki. Ka taea te tiro rerekē ki ngā whenua e rua he ōrite te kaha hōia: ko tētahi he whakawehi, ko tētahi he hoa mahi—i runga i ngā whanaungatanga me ngā tikanga pāpori e hangaia ana e rāua.
Whakamutunga
Ko te ariā tūturu i roto i ngā whanaungatanga o te ao e tuku ana i tētahi tirohanga pakari, ā, he maha ngā wā ka pono, mō ngā whanaketanga o te ao. Mā te whakanui i te koretake o te ao, ngā painga ā-motu, me te whakataetae mana, ka āwhina te tūturutanga ki te whakamārama he aha te pakanga, ngā reihi patu, me ngā mahi tōrangapū hononga e noho tonu ana hei āhuatanga matua o ngā whanaungatanga ā-rohe. Ahakoa i roto i te āhua o te tūturutanga tawhito, e whakanui ana i te āhua tangata, i te neorealism rānei, e whakanui ana i te hanganga pūnaha, ka whakaratohia e tēnei huarahi he anga tātari kaha mō te mārama ki ngā whanonga a te kāwanatanga.
Heoi, ehara i te mea ko te ao tūturu anake te tirohanga hei tirohanga mā tātou. Ko ngā wero o nāianei pērā i te huringa āhuarangi, te mate urutā, te haumarutanga tukutuku, me te ōhanga o te ao e whakaatu ana he mea nui anō hoki te mahi tahi. Nō reira, me whakanoho te māramatanga ki te ao tūturu ki te taha o ētahi atu ariā, kia taea ai e tātou te kite i ngā mahi tōrangapū o te ao whānui: hei wāhi whakataetae, hei wāhi hoki mō te mahi tahi.
