Ngā Tikanga Whakahoromata i roto i te Rongoā
Pendahuluan
He tukanga taketake te whakahoromata i roto i te umanga rongoā hei whakarite i te haumaru me te parakore o ngā hua mai i te poke o ngā moroiti. He mea nui tēnei tukanga, i te mea ka pā kino te poke o ngā moroiti ki te hauora o te hunga e whakamahi ana i ngā hua rongoā. He maha ngā tikanga whakahoromata kua whakawhanakehia hei whakarite kia haumaru ngā hua rongoā mai i te poke o ngā mate kino pea, ahakoa ko te hua whakamutunga, ko ngā wāhanga rānei e whakamahia ana i roto i te tukanga whakaputa. Ka arotakehia e tēnei tuhinga ngā tikanga whakahoromata rerekē e whakamahia ana i roto i te umanga rongoā, mai i ngā tikanga ā-tinana ki ngā tikanga matū.
1. Te whakahoromata ki te wera
1.1. Te Whakahoromata ki te Wera Maroke
Ko te whakahoromata wera maroke he tikanga e whakamahi ana i ngā pāmahana teitei me te kore e puta he kohu wai. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia tēnei tikanga mā te whakamahi i te oumu. Ko te pāmahana e whakamahia ana i waenga i te 160°C ki te 180°C, ā, e 2 ki te 3 hāora te roa. He pai tēnei tukanga mō te patu i ngā moroiti mā te whakakōkī i ngā pūmua me ngā waikawa karihi. He tino pai tēnei whakahoromata mō ngā rauemi kāore e taea te pakaru e te putanga mai o te kohu wai, pērā i ngā konganuku pokanga, ngā paura, ngā hinu, me te karāhe.
1.2. Te whakahoromata ki te wera makuku
Ko te whakahoromata wera makuku, te whakaweto rānei i te hauhautanga, he tikanga noa e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā taiwhanga me te umanga rongoā. Ko tēnei tukanga he whakamahi i te mamaoa pēhanga teitei (tata ki te 121°C) mō te 15–20 meneti. Ka mahi mā te whakakore i ngā pūmua moroiti, ka whakararuraru i ō rātou hanganga o roto. He whai hua te whakawetomata hauhautanga mō te whakaweto i ngā pāpāho ahurea, ngā taputapu pokanga, ngā wai, me ngā mea ātete wera. Heoi, kāore tēnei tikanga e pai mō ngā rauemi e pāngia ana e te makuku, te wera rānei, pērā i ētahi kirihou, ētahi whākōkī rānei.
2. Te whakahoromata me te irahiko
2.1. Te whakahoromata me te hihi Gamma
Ko te hihi gamma he tikanga whakahoromata e whakamahi ana i ngā hihi gamma mai i tētahi pūtake irahiko pērā i te cobalt-60. He whai hua tēnei tikanga ki te patu i ngā huakita, ngā huaketo, me ngā pua mā te whakangaro i ō rātou DNA. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te whakahoromata gamma mō ngā hua hauora kotahi te whakamahinga, pērā i ngā ngira, ngā karapu, ngā catheter rānei. Ko te painga matua o tēnei tikanga ko tōna kaha ki te whakahoromata i ngā hua me te kore e whakamahana, e whakamahi rānei i ngā matū.
2.2. Te whakahoromata ki te mārama ultraviolet
He tikanga whai hua te hihi ultraviolet (UV) mō ngā mata me te hau, kāore e uru ki te whakaekenga. Ka patua e te hihi UV-C (roa ngaru 200-280 nm) ngā moroiti mā te whakangaro i ō rātou waikawa karihi. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te hihi UV i roto i ngā rūma pokanga, ngā taiwhanga, me ngā pūnaha HVAC hei whakahaere i te poke o te hau. Ko tōna ngoikoretanga ko te iti o te urunga o te hihi UV, ka iti ake te whai hua ki ngā mea he mata koretake, he mata marumaru rānei.
3. Te Whakahoromata mā te Tātari
Ko te whakahoromata mā te tātari he tikanga kāore e whakamahi i te wera, i te irahiko rānei, engari ka wehea ngā moroiti mai i ngā wai, i ngā hau rānei mā te whakamahi i ngā tātari moroiti me ngā tātari nano. Ko ngā tātari he iti ngā pūwero i te nuinga o te wā i waenga i te 0.22 me te 0.45 maikiromita, he iti rawa hei aukati i ngā huakita me ētahi atu matūriki.
3.1. Tātari mō ngā Wai
He maha ngā whakamahinga o te tātari whakahoromata mō ngā wai i roto i te hanga o ngā hua rongoā pērā i ngā kano kano, ngā serum, me ngā otinga werohanga. Ko te painga matua o tēnei tikanga ko tōna kaha ki te whakahoromata i ngā wai e aro ana ki te wera, pērā i ngā otinga huaora me ngā momo rongoā koiora. Heoi, he iti anō hoki ōna ngoikoretanga nā te mea kāore e taea te tango i ngā huaketo, i ngā matūriki rānei he iti iho i te rahi o te pūwero o te tātari.
3.2. Tātari mō te Hau
Ka whakamahia anō hoki te whakahoromata tātari ki ngā hau, inā koa i roto i ngā taiao taiwhanga me ngā taiao hanga rongoā. Ko ngā tātari Hau Matūriki Whai Hua Teitei (HEPA) he tauira o te tātari e whakamahia ana hei whakahoromata i te hau i roto i ngā rūma ma e hangaia ai ngā hua rongoā. Ka taea e ēnei tātari te hopu i ngā matūriki he iti noa iho i te 0.3 maikiromita me te whai huatanga o te 99.97%.
4. Te whakahoromata me ngā matū
Ko te whakahoromata matū he whakamahinga o ngā matū hei whakamate, hei whakakore rānei i ngā moroiti. He tino whai hua tēnei tikanga mō te whakahoromata i ngā mea e pāngia ana e te wera, e te irahiko rānei.
4.1. Te whakahoromata ki te waikura Ethylene
Ko te ethylene oxide (ETO) he matū e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō te whakahoromata hau. He whai hua te ETO ki te whawhai ki te whānuitanga o ngā moroiti, tae atu ki ngā huakita, ngā huaketo, me ngā pua. Ka mahia tēnei tukanga i roto i tētahi taiao hiri e pupuhihia ai te hau ETO i tētahi pāmahana me te pēhanga motuhake. Ka pakaruhia e te ETO ngā hanganga DNA me te RNA o ngā moroiti, ka mate ai ngā pūtau. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia tēnei tikanga hei whakahoromata i ngā taputapu hauora kirihou me ngā taputapu e aro ana ki te wera.
4.2. Te whakahoromata ki te Plasma Hauwai Peroxide
Ka whakakotahi te pūnaha whakahoromata plasma hauwai peroxide i te hauwai peroxide kua whakahohehia me te plasma, ka puta he rauropi kore utu tino tauhohe ka taea te patu i ngā moroiti. He painga tēnei tikanga o te tukatuka tere me te iti o ngā toenga, e pai ai mō ngā taputapu hauora uaua me te tairongo ki te wera.
Te Katinga
I roto i ngā mahi rongoā o ēnei rā, he mea nui te whiriwhiri i te tikanga whakahoromata tika hei whakarite i te haumaru me te whai huatanga o te hua whakamutunga. He painga me ngā herenga anō tō ia tikanga whakahoromata, ā, he maha ngā whakamahinga rerekē i roto i te mekameka whakaputa kotahi e hiahia ana kia whakakotahihia ngā tikanga maha hei whakatutuki i ngā hua pai rawa atu. He mea nui te mārama ki ngā mātāpono taketake o ia tikanga whakahoromata me ngā āhuatanga o te hua hei whakahoromata hei whiriwhiri i te tikanga tino tika me te whai hua. Ina whakamahia tika, ehara i te mea ka whakapai ake te whakahoromata i te kounga o ngā hua rongoā engari ka tiaki hoki i te hauora me te haumaru o te tūroro.
