Hoahoa Pūtāhui me te Utu Whakapūmau-Whakauru
Nā te whanaketanga o ngā taputapu hiko kawe pēnei i ngā waea atamai, ngā mataaratanga atamai, ngā taringa taringa ahokore, me ngā taputapu IoT kua akiaki i te hiahia mō ngā pūnaha utu e whai hua ana, e haumaru ana, e ātete ana hoki ki ngā āhuatanga taiao. Ko tētahi hangarau e aro ana ki ēnei hiahia ko te utu hiko-ā-whakapūmau (utu hiko ahokore). Mā tēnei hangarau ka taea te whakawhiti i te pūngao hiko me te kore he hononga ā-tinana, ā, ka whakaitihia te pakaru o te tauranga, ka whakaitihia te mōrearea o ngā mura hiko, ā, ka whakanui ake i te whai wāhitanga o te kaiwhakamahi. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te ariā, ngā wāhanga, ngā mātāpono mahi, me ngā whakaaro hoahoa o ngā utu hiko-ā-whakapūmau mai i te tirohanga hiko, miihini, me te wera, tae atu ki te haumaru me te hototahi.
Te Kaupapa Mahi o te Utu Whakaoho
Ko te mahi a te utu whakapūngao i runga i te whakapūngao hikohiko. I te taha tuku (Tx), ka rere te aukume whakawhiti (AC) mā roto i te koiri, ka whakaputa i tētahi papa aukume e huri haere ana. Kātahi ka puta he ngaohiko i roto i te koiri kaiwhiwhi (Rx) kei roto i te taputapu e utuhia ana. Ka whakatikatikaina tēnei ngaohiko whakapūngao ki te DC, ā, ka whakahaeretia mā te whakamahi i tētahi ara iahiko whakahaere mana hei utu i te pākahiko.
Mō te whakawhiti hiko whai hua, me pai te hononga aukume o ngā koiri e rua. Nō reira, he mea nui te tawhiti, te whakaritenga, me te rauemi e karapoti ana i ngā koiri mō te mahi. He maha ngā paerewa e whakamahi ana i te hononga whakapūmau aukume, e whakakotahi ana i te koiri me te pūnga hei hanga i tētahi ara iahiko aukume i tētahi auau motuhake. Ka whakanui ake tēnei aukume i te whai huatanga, ā, ka taea ai te whakangāwari i ngā ātete tawhiti i te whakapūmau aukume noa.
Hanganga Pūnaha Whakaeke Whakaoho
I te nuinga o te wā, he maha ngā poraka matua o te rihi hiko whakapūmau:
1. Pūnaha hiko whakauru
Ko te pūtake hiko i ahu mai i tētahi urutau DC (hei tauira, USB-C PD) e whakarato ana i te 5–20 V. Kātahi ka tukatukahia tēnei ngaohiko ki runga i te papa tuku hiko.
2. Pūmana tuku (pūmana Tx)
Ko te IC kaiwhakahaere te kawenga mō te whakaputa tohu taraiwa, te whakahaere i te mana e hiahiatia ana, te kite i te aroaro o te taputapu, me te whakatinana i ngā kawa whakawhitiwhiti kōrero (hei tauira, te paerewa Qi).
3. Ara iahiko whakakaha/taraiwa
Ka hurihia e te taraiwa te hiko DC ki te hiko AC auau-teitei hei whakakaha i te koiri tuku. Ko ngā āhua noa ko ngā MOSFET haurua-piriti, ko ngā MOSFET piriti-katoa rānei.
4. Whatunga haruru me te koiri tuku
Ka honoa te koiri Tx ki tētahi pūnga hei hanga i tētahi ara iahiko whakakorikori. Ka whakarerekētia ngā tawhā L me C kia ōrite ki te auau whakahaere.
5. Te taha o te kaiwhiwhi (Rx) o te taputapu
Kei roto i tēnei he koiri Rx, he ara iahiko whakatikatika, he kaiwhakahaere (buck/boost), me te kaiwhakahaere utu pākahiko. I roto i te maha o ngā hoahoa, kua whakauruhia kētia te waeine Rx.
6. Te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me te kimi i ngā mea ke (FOD)
Me āhei te pūnaha ki te kite i ngā mea whakarewa ke (ngā moni, ngā kī) ka taea te mimiti i te pūngao me te whakamahana. He wāhanga nui o te haumarutanga te FOD.
Ngā Whakaaro mō te Hoahoa Hiko
1. Te kōwhiringa o ngā paerewa me ngā whāinga mana
Ko te taahiraa tuatahi i roto i te hoahoa ko te whakatau i te whāinga: mēnā he 5W (ngā taputapu iti), 10–15W (ngā waea atamai), teitei ake rānei te rihi. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te paerewa Qi mō ngā taputapu kaihoko. Ka pā te whāinga mana ki te kōwhiringa taraiwa, te rahi o te koiri, te whakahaere wera, me ngā whakaritenga urutau.
2. Auautanga me te haruru
Ko te tikanga, ka whakahaerehia te utunga whakapūngao i ngā auau o ngā tekau ki ngā rau kHz. Ka tīpakohia te auau i runga i ngā paerewa, te hoahoa koiri, me te whakataurite i waenga i te whai huatanga me te irahiko hikohiko (EMI). Me āta whakarite te ara iahiko whakapūngao kia kore ai e nui ngā mate me te wera nui o te MOSFET me te koiri.
3. Te whai huatanga me ngā ngaronga
Ko ngā ngaronga parahi i roto i te koiri (I²R), ngā ngaronga whakawhiti i roto i te MOSFET, me ngā ngaronga i roto i te whakatikatika Rx ngā mea matua. Mā te whakamahi i ngā MOSFET Rds(on) iti, te tahora PCB pai, me ngā koiri ātete-iti ka taea te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga. Ehara i te mea ka penapena hiko anake te whai huatanga pai engari ka whakaitihia hoki te wera me te roa o te ora o te wāhanga.
4. Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero Tx–Rx
I roto i te pūnaha Qi, ka whakawhitiwhiti kōrero te taputapu whiwhi ki te tuku mā te whakarerekētanga kawenga, e whakarerekē ana i te kawenga i runga i te taputapu Rx kia kitea e te taputapu Tx. Ka whakarerekē te tuku i tōna mana i runga i te tono a te taputapu Rx, kia mau ai te utunga haumaru me te pumau. Mā te whakatinanatanga tika o te kawa ka whai wāhi ki te hototahitanga o ngā waitohu maha.
Te Hoahoa me ngā Rauemi o te Koiri
Ko te koiri te ngākau o te pūnaha whakapūngao. He maha ngā wāhanga nui kei roto:
– Te āhua me te rahi o te koiri: He mea noa te whakamahi i ngā koiri porowhita mō ngā papa kotahi-pūrere. Mō ngā wāhi whakakī nui ake, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā koiri maha-koiri, koiri matihiko rānei.
– Te maha o ngā hurihanga me te momo waea: He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te waea Litz hei whakaiti i te pānga kiri i ngā auau teitei.
– Rau Ferrite: Ka whakatakotoria he rau ferrite ki muri i te koiri hei whakatika i te rerenga aukume ki te Rx, hei whakaiti hoki i te turuturu o te mara ki te PCB/ētahi atu wāhanga. Ka whakanui ake tēnei i te pai o te mahi, ka whakaiti hoki i te EMI.
– Te matotoru me te tawhiti: Ko te nui ake o te tawhiti Tx–Rx (hei tauira, nā te matotoru o te anga), ko te iti iho o te whai huatanga. Nō reira, me whakarite te hoahoa ā-pūkaha kia iti tonu te tawhiti whai hua.
Ngā Whakaaro mō te Hoahoa Mīhini me te UX
E hiahia ana ngā kaiwhakamahi ki te utu "taka noa iho." Heoi, ki te hē te tūnga, ka whakaitihia te mana, ka whakaputa wera hoki. Nō reira, ko ngā hoahoa miihini he maha ngā wā ka uru atu ki:
– Aratohu tūnga: he pūwero maeneene, he mowhiti rapa, he āhua rānei e āwhina ana i te taputapu ki te whakanoho i te koiri ki waenganui.
– Mata ārai-paheke: kia kore ai te waea e nekeneke ngāwari i te wiri.
– Ariā aronga: mō ngā hua pēnei i ngā tauranga, mā te hoahoa tūnga ka māmā ake te tiro i ngā whakamōhiotanga i te wā e utu ana.
– Hototahi ki te anga: me mahi tonu te rihi ahakoa he anga angiangi te taputapu, engari me tutuki tonu i ngā herenga matotoru kua whakaritea.
Whakahaere Wera
Ko te wera te wero matua o te utunga ā-whakapūngao, nā te mea ka whakawhitia te pūngao mā roto i tētahi papa aukume, ā, ka pāngia ngā taha e rua e ngā mate. Kei roto i tētahi hoahoa pai:
– He pūoko pāmahana kei runga i te papa tuku hei whakaiti i te hiko ina piki te pāmahana.
– Te whiriwhiri i tētahi rauemi whare e āwhina ana ki te whakamarara i te wera; hei tauira, he huinga kirihou me tētahi pereti kawe wera i raro i te koiri.
– Whakahauora kore mahi mēnā ka taea, me te kore e whakararu i te ataahua me te haumaru.
– Mana whakahaere mana urutau: ka whakaitihia te mana e te tuku hiko ina iti te pai o te mahi (hei tauira, te tūnga hē) hei ārai i te wera nui.
Haumarutanga me te Whakatutukitanga
Me noho haumaru ngā rihi hiko whakapūmau mō te kaiwhakamahi me te taputapu. Ko ētahi o ngā āhuatanga matua:
– Te Kite i ngā Mea Tawahi (FOD): ka ārai i te wera o ngā mea whakarewa tawahi.
– Te tiaki i te au me te ngaohiko: te tiaki i te nui rawa o te au, te nui rawa o te ngaohiko, me te ara iahiko poto.
– EMI/EMC: Me tutuki ngā āpure hikohiko i ngā ture hei ārai i te pokanoa ki ētahi atu taputapu. He āwhina te parepare me ngā ferrite.
– Te whakamarumaru me te kounga o te urutau: mā te whakamahi i tētahi urutau whaimana ka whakaiti i te mōrearea o ngā ngaru hiko me ngā tūponotanga hiko.
Te Tukanga Whakamātautau me te Whakamana
Kia oti te tauira, me whakauru ngā mahi whakamātautau ki:
1. Whakamātauria te hototahitanga ki ngā momo taputapu Rx.
2. Whakamātauria te whai huatanga i ngā tūranga me ngā tawhiti rerekē.
3. Whakamātautau wera i raro i ngā āhuatanga taiao rerekē (rūma wera, te whakamahinga o te anga).
4. Whakamātauria te FOD ki ngā mea whakarewa noa.
5. Whakamātautau maturuturu me te pakari ā-mīhini mō ngā hua kaihoko.
6. Te whakamana-mua mō te hanganga ture mō te Qi me te EMI/EMC i mua i te whakaputanga papatipu.
Te Katinga
Ehara i te mea ko te whakatakoto noa i te koiri me te whakamahi i te mana te hoahoa i tētahi rihi hiko me te utu hiko whakapūmau. Me whai huarahi whānui e uru ana ki te kōwhiringa paerewa, te hoahoa haruru, te arotau rauemi koiri me te ferrite, te whakahaere wera, me te tutuki i ngā āhuatanga haumaru pēnei i te FOD me te tiaki. Mēnā he hoahoa tika, ka taea e ngā rihi hiko whakapūmau te whakarato i tētahi wheako utu hiko watea ake, roa ake, me te haumaru, me te tautoko i te ia o ngā taputapu kāore he tauranga tinana. Ka haere tonu te whanaketanga o tēnei hangarau, ka whakatuwhera i ngā whai wāhitanga hua hou pēnei i ngā tēpu utu, te utu hiko maha-taputapu, me te whakaurunga o te utu hiko ahokore ki roto i ngā momo taonga me ngā waka.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te tāpiri atu i ētahi atu wāhanga hangarau (hei tauira, ngā tātaitanga o te ine hiko-pūngao resonant, ngā taunakitanga āhuahanga taraiwa, ngā whakatakotoranga ūnga tauira rānei mō te rihi 15W e hangai ana ki te Qi).
