## Te Ariā o te Whanaungatanga i roto i te Anthropology
Ko te mātauranga tangata, te ako i te tangata i roto i te horopaki pāpori, e kapi ana i te whānuitanga o ngā kaupapa tae atu ki te ahurea, te whakapono, te tōrangapū, me te ōhanga. Ko tētahi o ngā kaupapa matua o ngā rangahau mātauranga tangata ko te whanaungatanga. Ko te whanaungatanga e pā ana ki ngā whanaungatanga pāpori e whai wāhi ana ki te pūnaha whānau, ā, he mea nui ki tō tātou māramatanga ki ngā whanonga tangata, te whakaritenga pāpori, me ngā mahi ahurea. Ka ruku hohonu tēnei tuhinga ki te ariā o te whanaungatanga i roto i te mātauranga tangata, me te tūhura i ōna whakamāramatanga, ōna āhua, āna mahi, me tōna hiranga.
### Whakamāramatanga me te Hiranga
I roto i te mātauranga tangata, ehara i te mea ko ngā whanaungatanga koiora, ko ngā hononga toto rānei anake te whanaungatanga; engari he whānuitanga o ngā hononga pāpori me ngā herenga. Ka uru pea ki te whanaungatanga ngā whanaungatanga i whakatūria mā te marena (ngā whanaunga āpiti) me ērā i whakatauhia e te toto (ngā whanaunga toto). Heoi anō, he maha ngā hapori e mōhio ana ki te "whanaungatanga rūpahu," e whakaarohia ai ngā tāngata takitahi he whanaunga kāore he hononga koiora, he hononga marena rānei.
He mea nui te ako i te whanaungatanga mō ētahi take. Ka āwhina i ngā tohunga tātai tangata ki te mārama ki ngā hanganga whānau, ngā whakapapa, ngā pūnaha tuku iho, me ngā tikanga pāpori. Ka whakakitea hoki e te whanaungatanga te huarahi e whakarite ai, e whakahaere ai hoki ngā hapori i te whānautanga, te manaaki, me te whakawhanaungatanga o ngā tamariki. Hei tāpiri, he maha ngā wā ka noho ko ngā whatunga whanaungatanga hei tūāpapa mō ngā hanganga tōrangapū, ōhanga, me te whakapono i roto i ngā hapori.
### Ngā Momo Whanaungatanga me ngā Pūnaha Whanaungatanga
He rerekē ngā pūnaha whanaungatanga puta noa i ngā ahurea rerekē, engari kei reira ētahi momo noa e whakamahia ana e ngā tohunga tātai tangata hei whakarōpū i ēnei whanaungatanga:
1. Ngā Pūnaha Whakapapa: Koinei ngā huarahi e whai ai ngā hapori i te whakapapa. Ko ngā momo matua ko:
– Te Ira Kotahi: Te whai i te whakapapa mā te mātua kotahi anake. Ka taea tēnei te whakarōpū anō ki te whakapapa matua (mā te pāpā) me te whakapapa mā te whaea (mā te whaea). Ko ngā rōpū whakapapa kotahi ka hanga i ngā wāhanga pāpori motuhake e kiia nei ko ngā whakapapa, he mahi nui tā rātou ki ngā mana whenua, te tuku iho, me te mana pāpori.
– He uri takirua, he uri whānau rānei: Te whai i ngā uri i roto i ngā mātua e rua. He mea noa tēnei momo uri i roto i ngā hapori o te Hauāuru, ā, he maha ngā wā ka puta mai ngā tāngata nō ngā whānau maha i te wā kotahi.
2. Ngā Pūnaha Marena: Mā ngā pūnaha marena e tautuhi te huarahi e whakatū ai, e whakahaere ai hoki ngā hapori i ngā whanaungatanga marena. Ko ngā momo noa ko:
– Monogamy: Te marena i waenganui i te tāne me te wahine.
– Te maha o ngā wāhine: Kotahi te tāne e moe ana i ngā wāhine maha.
– Polyandry: Kotahi te wahine e marena ana ki ngā tāne maha.
– Te Marena Rōpū: He onge engari he maha ngā tāne me ngā wāhine e hanga ana i tētahi hononga marena.
3. Ngā Tauira Noho: E tohu ana ēnei i ngā tauira noho i muri i te marena, ā, e tohu ana hoki i te rōpū ka noho tahi, ka noho tata rānei te tokorua hou kua marenatia. Kei roto i ēnei tauira:
– Nohoanga Pātrilocal: E noho tahi ana me te whānau o te tāne, e noho tata ana rānei ki reira.
– Nohoanga Mātāpuna: E noho tahi ana me te whānau o te wahine, e noho tata ana rānei ki reira.
– Nohoanga Neolocal: Te whakatū i tētahi whare hou, motuhake.
– Whare Noho Ā-Awa: E noho tahi ana me te matua keke o te tāne, e noho tata ana rānei ki reira.
### Ngā Mahi o te Whānaungatanga
He maha ngā mahi nui a ngā pūnaha whanaungatanga i roto i te hapori:
1. Te Whakahaere Hapori me te Whakahaere: He maha ngā wā ka whakatauhia e ngā hanganga whanaungatanga ngā tūranga hapori me ngā taumata whakarōpū. I roto i te maha o ngā hapori tuku iho, ko ngā tūranga kaiārahi, pērā i te rangatira, ka riro mā roto i ngā whakapapa whanaunga.
2. Te Mahi Tahi me te Tautoko Ōhanga: Ka tohaina e ngā rōpū whanaunga ngā rauemi me te tautoko ōhanga ki ō rātou mema. Kei roto i tēnei ko te pupuri whenua ā-iwi, ngā mahi tahi, me te āwhina tahi i ngā wā uaua o te pūtea.
3. Ngā Mahi Whakawhānau me te Manaaki Tamariki: He mea nui te mahi a ngā whatunga whanaungatanga ki te whakarite marena, ki te whakahaere i ngā whanonga moepuku, me te whakarite i te manaaki me te whakatipu tamariki. He maha ngā wā ka whai wāhi ngā whānau whānui ki te whakatipu tamariki, hei whakarato i tētahi kupenga haumaru pāpori.
4. Ngā Tikanga me ngā Huihuinga: Ko ngā hononga whanaungatanga te kaupapa matua o ngā tikanga whakapono me ngā tikanga pāpori maha, tae atu ki ngā marena, ngā tangihanga, me ngā tikanga whakawhiti. Ka whakaū, ka whakapakari hoki ēnei hui i ngā hononga whanaungatanga.
5. Tautoko Hinengaro me te Tuakiri: Mā te whanaungatanga ka puta te wairua nō roto me te tuakiri. Ko ngā pūnaha tautoko kare ā-roto te mea tino kaha i roto i ngā rōpū, e whakarato ana i te whakamarie me te kotahitanga i ngā wā raruraru whaiaro, i te ahotea hapori rānei.
### Te Whanaketanga o ngā Akoranga Whanaungatanga
Kua tino whanake te ako i te whanaungatanga i roto i te wā. Nā ngā tohunga tātai tangata o mua pērā i a Lewis Henry Morgan rāua ko AR Radcliffe-Brown i whakatakoto te turanga mā te tuhi i ngā kupu me ngā hanganga whanaungatanga i roto i ngā hapori rerekē. I roto i tana pukapuka "Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family" (1871), i ngana a Morgan ki te whakarōpū i ngā pūnaha whanaungatanga puta noa i te ao, ā, i whakanuia te kanorau o ngā kupu whanaungatanga.
Ko ngā tohunga hanganga-mahi pērā i a Radcliffe-Brown rāua ko Bronisław Malinowski i arotahi ki te mahi a ngā hanganga whanaungatanga hei pupuri i te kotahitanga me te pumau o te hapori. E whakaahua ana rātou i ngā tūranga me ngā whanaungatanga i roto i ngā whatunga whanaungatanga me tā rātou takoha ki te hanganga hapori whānui.
I waenganui o te rautau 20, i whakaurua e Claude Lévi-Strauss te hanganga ki ngā rangahau whanaungatanga, me te arotahi ki ngā tauira me ngā hanganga matua o ngā whanaungatanga whanaungatanga, kaua ki ō rātou mahi. Nā āna mahi mō ngā pūnaha whanaungatanga me te whakawhiti marena i waenga i ngā iwi maha i huri ai ngā rangahau whanaungatanga mā te whakarato i ngā anga ariā hou.
I roto i te mātauranga tangata o nāianei, kua whānui haere ngā rangahau whanaungatanga ki te whakauru i ngā tirohanga hou. Kua whakanuia e te mātauranga tangata wahine ngā āhuatanga ira tangata i roto i ngā pūnaha whanaungatanga, me te awe o te whanaungatanga ki te pupuri tonu i ngā tūranga me ngā kore taurite o te ira tangata. Kua arotakehia e ngā huarahi postmodernist ngā tauira whanaungatanga whānui me ngā tauira paerewa o mua, me te whakanui i te rere me te kanorau o ngā mahi me ngā ariā whanaungatanga.
Hei tāpiritanga, kua hurihia te āhua o ngā pūnaha whanaungatanga e te ao whānui, te hekenga mai, me ngā whanaketanga hangarau, ā, kua ārahi i ngā tohunga tātai tangata ki te ako i te "whanaungatanga ā-motu" e horapa ana ngā whatunga whānau puta noa i ngā rohe ā-motu. Nā ngā hangarau āwhina uri whānau (ART) me ngā momo whānau e huri haere ana kua akiaki i ngā rangahau hou ki te whakamāramatanga anō o te whanaungatanga.
### Whakamutunga
He ariā maha-āhua te whanaungatanga i roto i te mātauranga tangata, ā, he tūāpapa tēnei mō te mārama ki ngā whakahaere pāpori, ngā mahi ahurea, me ngā whanaungatanga tangata. Mā te ako i te whanaungatanga ka kitea ngā huarahi e hangaia ai, e puritia ai, e hurihia ai hoki e ngā hapori ngā hononga pāpori me ngā taumata. Mā roto i ngā momo āhua me ngā mahi, ka tautokohia e ngā pūnaha whanaungatanga ngā āhuatanga maha o te oranga tangata, ka whakaratohia he hanganga, he tautoko, me te tuakiri. I te whanaketanga tonu o ngā hapori, ka whanake tonu hoki te ako i te whanaungatanga, ka urutau ki ngā ao hou, ā, ka haere tonu ki te tuku māramatanga ki te whatunga uaua o ngā whanaungatanga tangata.
