Te Mahi a te Hangarau Whakahaere Pāmahana Mamati
Ko te hangarau Mana Pāmahana Mamati (DTC) he pūnaha i hangaia hei pupuri aunoa i te pāmahana o tētahi taputapu, rūma, tukanga ahumahi rānei i roto i te awhe e hiahiatia ana. He rerekē ki ngā mana pāmahana anaro, he māmā ake, ā, he iti ake te tika, ka whakamahia e ngā mana mamati ngā pūoko, ngā mana iti, me ngā rauropi whakahaere hei whakaputa i ngā tautuhinga pumau, tika, me te ngāwari ki te aroturuki.
I roto i te oranga o ia rā, ka kitea tēnei hangarau i roto i ngā pouaka whakamātao me ngā pouaka tio hou, ngā hauhautanga, ngā whakamahana wai, ngā oumu hiko, ngā incubator, ngā mīhini kawhe, ngā rūma tūmau, tae atu ki ngā mīhini ahumahi pēnei i ngā extruders kirihou, ngā whakamaroke, me ngā tauhohenga matū. E matapakihia ana i roto i tēnei tuhinga te mahi a te mana whakahaere pāmahana mamati, mai i ōna wāhanga matua me te reremahi tae atu ki ngā tikanga whakahaere e whakamahia whānuitia ana.
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1. Ngā Ariā Taketake o te Whakahaere Pāmahana
Ko te whāinga matua o tētahi pūnaha whakahaere pāmahana he pupuri i te pāmahana tuturu kia tata ki te pāmahana whāinga (tautuhinga) kua tautuhia e te kaiwhakamahi, e te pūnaha rānei. Ina rerekē te pāmahana tuturu mai i te tautuhinga, ka mahi te pūnaha i ngā mahi whakatika.
Ko te rerekētanga i waenga i te pūwāhi tautuhinga me te pāmahana tuturu ka kiia ko te hapa:
– Hapa = Tautuhinga – Pāmahana Tūturu
Mena he iti iho te pāmahana tuturu i te pūwāhi kua whakaritea, me whakamahana ake te pūnaha. Mena he teitei ake te pāmahana tuturu, me whakamatao, me whakaiti rānei te whakamahana o te pūnaha. I roto i ngā pūmana mamati, ka mahia tonutia tēnei tatau hapa (i te wā tūturu) kia tere ai, kia pumau ai hoki te urupare a te pūnaha.
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2. Ngā Wāhanga Matua o te Whakahaere Pāmahana Mamati
Kia mahi ai te whakahaere pāmahana mamati, he maha ngā wāhanga nui e honoa ana tetahi ki tetahi:
a. Pūoko Pāmahana
Ko te mahi a te pūoko he pānui i te pāmahana tuturu. Ko ngā momo pūoko noa ko:
– Te whakamahana (NTC/PTC): he tere te urupare, he iti hoki te utu, e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā taputapu o te whare.
– RTD (Ātete Pāmahana Pūoko, hei tauira PT100/PT1000): he tika, he pumau hoki, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te ahumahi.
– He pūrua wera (Momo K, J, T, me ētahi atu): ka taea te ine i ngā pāmahana tino tiketike, he mea noa mō ngā oumu ahumahi.
– Ngā pūoko matihiko (hei tauira, DS18B20): he raraunga matihiko kē te putanga, e tika ana mō ngā pūnaha pūmana iti.
Ka hurihia e te pūoko te pāmahana hei tohu hiko (ngaohiko, ātete, raraunga matihiko rānei) ka tukatukahia e te kaiwhakahaere.
b. Te Whakamahere Tohu
Kāore ngā pūoko katoa e whakaputa ana i tētahi tohu kua rite ki te whakamahi. Hei tauira, he iti rawa ngā ngaohiko ka puta mai i ngā takirua wera, ā, me whai whakakaha. Me whai ara iahiko wehewehe ngaohiko, piriti Wheatstone rānei ngā RTD me ngā thermistors kia kitea mārama ai ngā huringa ātete. He mea nui tēnei taahiraa hei whakaiti i te haruru me te whakapiki i te tika.
c. ADC (Kaitahuri Analog-ki-Mamati)
Mena ka whakaputahia he tohu anaro e te pūoko, me whai ADC te pūnaha hei huri i taua tohu hei raraunga matihiko ka taea e te pūmana iti te pānui. He maha ngā pūmana iti kua whai ADC ā-roto kē, engari i roto i ngā tono tino tika, ka whakamahia he ADC o waho me te taumira teitei ake.
d. Kaiwhakahaere
Ko te "roro" o te pūnaha ko te kaiwhakahaere: he pūmana iti pea tēnei, he PLC, he waeine whakahaere pāmahana motuhake rānei. He maha ngā mahi matua a te kaiwhakahaere:
1. pānuihia ngā raraunga pāmahana,
2. whakatairite ki te pūwāhi tautuhinga,
3. whakahaere i te pūnaha whakahaere,
4. tuku whakahau ki te kaiwhakaoho,
5. whakaatu raraunga me te whiwhi i ngā whakauru a te kaiwhakamahi.
e. Pūwhakaoho (Wāhanga Whakamahana/Whakamatao)
He taputapu te actuator e mahi ana i tētahi mahi ā-tinana hei whakarerekē i te pāmahana, pēnei i:
– te wāhanga whakamahana (whakamahana),
– te pūwhakamātao,
- pā,
– te takirere rere wai wera/matao,
– Peltier (pūwhakamatao wera hiko).
Ko ngā kaiwhakaoho he tikanga e hiahiatia ana ngā taraiwa pēnei i ngā tānga, ngā SSR (Ngā Tānga Āhua Totoka), ngā TRIAC, ngā MOSFET, ngā whakapā rānei hei whakahaere i te mana.
f. Atanga Kaiwhakamahi
I runga i ngā taputapu maha, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakamahi te whakatakoto i ngā tautuhinga mā te whakamahi i ngā pātene, ngā poroporo matihiko, ngā mata pa rānei. Tērā pea kei roto i ngā pūnaha ngā whakaoho, ngā tohu tūnga, te hononga rānei (Wi-Fi/Nihokikorangi) mō te aroturuki mamao.
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3. Rerenga Mahi Whakahaere Pāmahana Mamati
I te nuinga o te wā, ka mahi te pūnaha mā te huringa porowhita e whai ake nei:
1. Ka pānuihia e te pūoko te pāmahana o te taiao, o te mea rānei.
2. Ka whakaritea te tohu (mēnā e tika ana) kātahi ka uru ki te ADC.
3. Ka whiwhi te kaiwhakahaere i ngā raraunga pāmahana, kātahi ka tatau i te hapa ki te pūwāhi tautuhinga.
4. Mā te pūnaha whakahaere e whakatau te mahi: te whakanui ake i te mana whakamahana, te whakaiti i te whakamahana, te whakakā i te whakamatao, me ētahi atu.
5. Ka whakahaerehia te actuator mā te taraiwa (relay/SSR/MOSFET).
6. Ka tāruatia e te pūnaha te tukanga i ētahi wā (hei tauira, ia 100 ms, 1 hēkona, i runga rānei i te hiahia o te tukanga).
Mā tēnei porowhita ka oma aunoa, ka haere tonu hoki te whakahaere pāmahana.
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4. Ngā Tikanga Whakahaere e Whakamahia Ana
Ka taea e te whakahaere pāmahana mamati te whakamahi i ētahi huarahi whakahaere. Ko te kōwhiringa ka whakawhirinaki ki ngā whakaritenga tika, ngā āhuatanga o te pūnaha, te utu, me te uauatanga.
a. Mana Whakakā/Whakaweto (Mana Pā-Pā)
Koinei te tikanga māmā rawa. Ina iti iho te pāmahana i te taumata i whakaritea, ka whakakāhia te whakamahana. Ina neke atu i te taumata i whakaritea, ka whakawetohia te whakamahana (ka whakakāhia rānei te whakamatao).
Te taikaha:
- iti te utu,
- he ngāwari ki te hanga,
– he pai mō ngā pūnaha māmā.
Te korenga:
– ka pōturi te pāmahana huri noa i te pūwāhi i whakaritea,
– kāore i te pai mō ngā tukanga e hiahia ana kia tino pumau.
Ko te Hysteresis (te awhe manawanui) ka tāpirihia hei ārai i te whakawhiti hiko mai i te tahuri me te whakaweto pinepine. Hei tauira, ko te tautuhinga o te 30°C me te hysteresis o te 1°C ka tahuri te whakamahana i raro i te 29°C, ka whakaweto hoki i runga ake i te 30°C.
b. Mana Whakahaere Ā-ōrite (Mana-P)
I roto i te mana whakahaere taurite, ko te rahi o te mahi (hei tauira, te mana o te whakamahana) he taurite ki te hapa. Ko te tawhiti atu o te pāmahana mai i te pūwāhi tautuhinga, ko te nui ake o te mana e whakamahia ana.
Te taikaha:
– he pumau ake i te ON/OFF,
– whakaiti i ngā wiri.
Te korenga:
– tērā pea ka puta he hapa āhua pumau (he pumau te pāmahana engari he paku hē te pāmahana) nā te mea ka heke te mahi i te whakatata atu ki te pūwāhi tautuhinga.
c. Mana Whakahaere PID (Whakaōrite-Whakauru-Tāpiri)
Ko te PID te tikanga rongonui mō te whakahaere pāmahana matihiko tika. Ka tatau te PID i te putanga i runga i ngā wāhanga e toru:
– P (Āhuatanga Taurite): ka aro atu ki te hapa o nāianei.
– I (Whakaurunga): ka kohikohi hapa i roto i te wā hei whakakore i te hapa āhua pumau.
– D (Tāpiri): e matapae ana i te ia o te huringa pāmahana (i runga i te tere o te huringa), e āwhina ana ki te ārai i te nui rawa o te huringa.
Te taikaha:
– te tino tika,
– te kaha ki te pupuri i te pāmahana pumau,
– he pai mō ngā pūnaha he uaua ngā mahi auaha.
Te korenga:
– me whakarite i ngā tawhā (Kp, Ki, Kd),
– te whakatinanatanga uaua ake.
I roto i ngā whakatinanatanga matihiko, ka oma te PID i tētahi wā tauira motuhake, pērā i te 1 hēkona. Kātahi ka whakamahia te putanga PID hei whakarite i te huringa mahi PWM i runga i te whakamahana, hei whakahaere rānei i tētahi SSR i roto i te tikanga ōwehenga-wā (hei tauira, ON mō te 3 hēkona, OFF mō te 7 hēkona i roto i te matapihi 10-hēkona).
d. Mana Urutau me te Arorau Pōuriuri
Mō ngā pūnaha taurangi (hei tauira, ngā kawenga wera kore pumau), ka taea te whakamahi i te mana urutau, te mana pōuri rānei. Ka whai te arorau pōuri i te huarahi e whakatau ai te tangata, hei tauira:
– “Ki te iti rawa te pāmahana i te taumata i whakaritea, whakanuia te wera.”
– “Ki te tata te pāmahana ki te taumata i whakaritea, whakaitihia te wera.”
– “Ki te tere rawa te piki o te pāmahana, whakaitihia te mana.”
He whai hua tēnei tikanga ina he uaua ki te whakatau i te tauira pāngarau o te pūnaha.
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5. He aha i tika ake ai te Whakahaere Mamati?
He pai ake ngā pūmana matihiko mō ētahi take:
1. He pai ake te taumira me te whakatikatika: ka taea te tukatuka i ngā pānui pūoko mā te utu me te tātari.
2. Te tātari haruru: ka taea te tātari i ngā raraunga pūoko mā te pūmanawa (te toharite neke, te tātari pā-iti) kia pumau ake ai te pānui.
3. Rautaki whakahaere ngāwari: ka taea te whakamahi i te PID, te arorau pōuri, te arorau motuhake rānei.
4. Te aroturuki me te tuhi: ka taea te tuhi i te pāmahana hei tātari, hei arotake, hei whakapai ake rānei i te tukanga.
5. Ngā āhuatanga haumarutanga: whakaoho pāmahana nui, kitenga hapa pūoko, whakaweto haumaru-kore.
I roto i ngā ahumahi kai, rongoā, me te matū, he mea nui ēnei āhuatanga takiuru me te tika hei pupuri i te kounga hua me te whakatutuki i ngā paerewa.
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6. Ngā Wero i roto i te Whakahaere Pāmahana Mamati
Ahakoa tōna matatau, kei te pā tonu ngā pūnaha whakahaere pāmahana mamati ki ētahi wero:
– Te ngoikore o te wera: He whakaroa te urupare a te whakamahana me te mea e whakamahanahia ana. Nō reira, ka piki tonu te pāmahana ahakoa kua whakawetohia te whakamahana (he nui rawa atu).
– Te tūnga o te pūoko: He mea nui te tūnga o te pūoko mō te tika. Mēnā he tawhiti rawa te pūoko i te mea matua, ka kore pea e puta he pānui e tika ana.
– Ngā raruraru taiao: ka pā te rere o te hau, te whakatuwheratanga me te kati o ngā tatau, ngā panonitanga o te kawenga, ngā piki me te heke o te ngaohiko hiko ki te pumau.
– Ngā hapa whakatikatika: mā ngā pūoko e nekeneke haere ana, ngā raupapa pānui hē rānei ka "whaia" e te mana whakahaere te pāmahana hē.
Nō reira, ko te hoahoa pūnaha e whai whakaaro ana ki te kōwhiringa tika o te pūoko, te wehenga wera, te whakatikatika PID, me te tiakitanga tāpiri.
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7. Te Whakamahinga Tuturu o te Whakahaere Pāmahana Mamati
Ko ētahi tauira o tōna whakamahinga:
– Pouaka Whakamātao/Pūwhakatio: ka pānuihia e te pūoko te pāmahana rūma, ka whakahaeretia e te kaiwhakahaere te pūhiko me te huringa whakarewa.
– Ōumu hiko: Mā te mana PID e whakahaere te wāhanga whakamahana kia mau tonu te pāmahana pumau e ai ki te tunu.
– Pūwhakatō: ka pupuri i te pāmahana pumau mō ngā hua manu, mō ngā ahurea moroiti rānei.
– Ngā mīhini ahumahi: kia mau tonu te pāmahana o te tukanga kia rite tonu ai te kounga o te hua.
– Rūma tūmau: Ka pupuri te mana HVAC i te pāmahana tino pai kia kore ai te taputapu e wera rawa.
I roto i te maha o ngā taputapu hou, kua honoa hoki ngā pūmana mamati ki ngā pūnaha IoT kia taea ai e ngā kaiwhakamahi te aroturuki i te pāmahana mā te taupānga.
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Whakamutunga
Ko te hangarau Whakahaere Pāmahana Mamati e whakahaere ana i runga i te mātāpono porowhita-kati: ka pānuihia e te pūoko te pāmahana, ka tatauhia e te pūmana te rerekētanga mai i te pūwāhi tautuhinga, kātahi ka whakatauhia e te pūnaha whakahaere te mahi mā te kaiwhakaoho whakamahana, whakamatao rānei. Ko ngā painga matua o te whakahaere mamati kei roto i tōna tika, tōna ngāwari o te pūnaha (ON/OFF, P, PID, fuzzy), ngā āheinga tātari, me ngā āhuatanga aroturuki me te haumarutanga.
Mā te hoahoa tika—mai i te kōwhiringa pūoko, te pānui i ngā ara iahiko, te whakahāngai mana, tae atu ki te whakatakotoranga o te actuator—ka taea e te pūnaha Whakahaere Pāmahana Mamati te pupuri i ngā pāmahana pumau me te whai hua i roto i ngā momo tono, i roto i te whare me te ahumahi.
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Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga hei putanga hangarau ake (me ngā tātai PID me ngā tauira whakahāngai) hei putanga rongonui ake rānei mā ngā kaipānui whānui.
