Ngā Tikanga Tā Tuku Iho mō te Hanga Tā
He roa te hītori o te tānga toi e hono tata ana ki te whanaketanga o ngā tikanga tā. I mua noa atu i te taenga mai o te hangarau matihiko, i whakawhirinaki ngā kaitoi ki ngā tukanga ā-ringa hei whakawhiti whakaahua mai i tētahi papa ki tētahi atu mata, pērā i te pepa, i te papanga rānei. Kāore i puta noa i tēnei tukanga ngā mahi ka taea te tārua, engari i puta ake hoki ngā āhuatanga tirohanga motuhake: te kakano, ngā tohu pēhanga, ngā hapa nui, me ngā "tohu" e kitea ana o te ringaringa o te kaitoi. I roto i te horopaki o te toi ataahua, ehara ngā tikanga tānga toi tuku iho i te tikanga tārua noa iho, engari he reo whakapuakitanga anō hoki me tā rātou ake reo ataahua. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ētahi tikanga tānga toi tuku iho e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te tānga toi, me ngā tukanga me ngā āhuatanga taketake o ia mea.
Te Mārama ki ngā Toi Whakairoiro Tuku Iho me te Tānga
Ko te tānga he peka o te toi ataahua e aro ana ki te tukanga tā, arā, te whakawhiti i tētahi whakaahua mai i tētahi mata tohutoro (matrix) ki tētahi atu rauemi. Ko te kupu matua i roto i te tānga ko te matrix: he rakau, he linoleum, he konganuku, he kōhatu, he mata rānei. Ka kiia ko te "tuku iho" nā te mea e aro nui ana te tikanga ki ngā tukanga ā-ringa, te whakamahinga o ngā taputapu tuku iho, me ngā wāhanga mahi e whai ana i ngā ture o tētahi whare whakairoiro tawhito.
Ko te ahurei o te mahi tānga kei roto i tōna kaha ki te whakaputa putanga, arā, ko te mahi kotahi e tāia ana i ngā wā maha me te kounga ōrite. Heoi anō, kei ia tānga tonu te kaha ki te whakaatu i ngā rerekētanga ngawari nā te pēhanga ā-ringa, te tohatoha waituhi, te āhua rānei o te pepa. Koinei te mea e ātaahua ai: he raupapa "he rite engari kāore i te tino ōrite."
Te Whakarōpūtanga o ngā Tikanga Tā Tuku Iho
I te nuinga o te wā, ka taea te whakarōpū i ngā tikanga tā tuku iho i roto i te mahi tā ki ngā wāhanga whānui e whā: te tā whakairo, te tā intaglio, te planography, me te tā stencil/mata. He rerekē te kaupapa mahi a ia tikanga mō te whakatakoto waituhi me te whakawhiti ki te rauemi tā.
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1. Tānga Whakairo: Tapanga Rākau me te Tapanga Lino
a. Whakairo rakau (Whakairo rakau/whakairo rakau)
Ko te whakairo rakau tētahi o ngā tikanga tā tawhito rawa atu. Ko te matrix he papa rakau e whakairohia ana tōna mata mā te whakamahi i te whao, i te whao rānei. Ko ngā wāhi whakairo (kua horoia) ka noho hei wāhi "kāore e tāia", ko ngā wāhi kua ara ake ka whiwhi mangumangu ka tāia ki runga i te pepa.
Tukanga taketake:
1. Tuhia he tātuhi ki runga i te mata rakau (he maha ngā wā ka tuhia ki raro/whakaata).
2. Tāia te wāhanga kino mā te whakamahi i tētahi taputapu tārai.
3. Pania te waituhi ki tētahi mata teitei mā te whakamahi i tētahi roera (brayer).
4. Tāpirihia te pepa ka pēhi (ā-ringa ki te pūnu/whakakā, ki te mīhini pēhi rānei).
5. Hiki ake te pepa ka whakamaroke i ngā hua tānga.
Ngā āhuatanga tirohanga: ka puta te kakano o te rakau, he koi ngā rārangi, he kaha te rerekētanga, ā, he "taratara" te āhua o te hua.
b. Tapahi Lino (Tapahi Linoleum)
He rite tonu te kaupapa ki te whakairo rakau, engari he ngohengohe ake te linoleum, he iti ake te muka o te matrix. He rongonui te Linocut nā te mea he māmā ake te whakairo, he pai mō ngā āhua māmā, ngā mata papatahi, me ngā hoahoa whakairoiro kaha.
Ngā āhuatanga tirohanga: he ma, he maeneene ake ngā rārangi i te whakairo rakau, he papatahi ngā tae, he pai mō te momo pānui, mō te whakaahua rānei.
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2. Tānga Intaglio: Te Whakairo, te Whakairo, me te Whakamaroke
He rerekē tēnei i te tānga pēhi-teitei, ka tāpirihia te waituhi hohonu ki ngā "kōhao" (ngā awaawa) o te mata o te matrix, he pereti whakarewa pēnei i te parahi, te konutea rānei. I muri i te paninga o te waituhi ki te mata katoa, ka murua te waituhi o runga, ka waiho te waituhi ki roto i ngā awaawa. Ka pēhia te pepa mākū kia kaha mā te whakamahi i te mīhini pēhi hei uru ki roto i ngā awaawa, hei tango i te waituhi.
a. Te whakairo
Mā te waru tika i tētahi pereti whakarewa mā te whakamahi i tētahi whao motuhake (he whao burin) ka oti te whakairo. Me whakahaere pai tēnei tikanga nā te mea he pumau ia rārangi.
Ngā āhuatanga tirohanga: ngā rārangi koi, ngā taipitopito angiangi, te āhua huatau me te tika.
b. Te whakairo
Ka whakamahia e te whakairo ngā matū (waikawa) hei "ngau" i te pereti. Ka pania te pereti ki te paparanga whenua (paparanga tiaki), kātahi ka tāia ki te ngira whakairo hei whakaatu i te konganuku. Kātahi ka rumakina te pereti ki roto i te wai waikawa, ka whakahoro i ngā wāhi e kitea ana kia rite ki ngā rārangi.
Ngā āhuatanga tirohanga: ka taea e ngā rārangi te noho wātea ake, te whakaatu ake hoki i te āhua, he rite ki ngā tuhi ā-ringa ki te pene.
c. Te Pūwāhi Maroke
Ka hangaia te ira maroke mā te whakairo i tētahi pereti kāore he waikawa. Ka puta he pūwero (he konganuku angiangi) i te whakairo hei pupuri i te waituhi, hei hanga i tētahi rārangi ngohengohe, maeneene.
Ngā āhuatanga tirohanga: he rārangi "huruhuru", he nui ngā rerekētanga, engari he iti noa te putanga nā te mea ka tere te memeha o ngā taratara.
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3. Papaaho: Papaaho
Ko te mahi a te tuhi whakaahua i runga i te kaupapa o te ātete i waenga i te hinu me te wai. Ko te hanganga tuhi whakaahua tuku iho he kōhatu kōhatu. Ka tuhi te kaitoi i te kōhatu mā te whakamahi i tētahi rauemi hinuhinu (te pene tae tuhi whakaahua). I muri i te rongoā ki tētahi otinga matū motuhake, ka whakaaetia e te wāhi whakaahua he waituhi hinu, ko te wāhi kāore i te whakaahua ka pupuri i te wai, ka ātete i te waituhi.
Te tukanga taketake i te poto:
1. Te tuhi ki te kōhatu whakairo.
2. Tukatukahia te kōhatu kia "wehewehea" ngā wāhi whakaahua me ngā wāhi kāore i te whakaahua mā te matū.
3. Whakamakukuhia te mata ki te wai.
4. Waituhi hinuhinu e hurihuri ana; ka piri noa te waituhi ki te ahua.
5. Te tā ki te mīhini tānga.
Ngā āhuatanga tirohanga: he tino whai kiko te whakarōpūtanga, ka rite ki ngā tuhi pene, waro, paraihe rānei. He rongonui te tuhi mō tōna kaha ki te hopu i ngā momo oro ngawari.
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4. Tānga Mata (Stencil): Tānga mata/Mata hiraka
Ka whakamahia he mata papanga hei tā i te tānga mata. Ka hipokina (āraia) ētahi wāhi kia puta noa te waituhi mā roto i ngā wāhi e kitea ana. Ka taea te mahi ā-ringa i tēnei tikanga mā te whakamahi i te squeegee, ā, he pai mō te tā ki ngā momo pāpāho: pepa, papanga, kirihou, tae atu ki te rakau.
Ngā tikanga tuku iho noa:
– He tauira pepa: ka tapahia ētahi wāhanga o te ahua, kātahi ka whakapirihia hei ārai i ētahi wāhi.
– Te whakaemulsion/te tānga: ka pania te mata ki te whakaemulsion e tairongo ana ki te mārama, ka tāpirihia he hoahoa ki te kiriata, kātahi ka whakaaturia te ahua.
Ngā āhuatanga tirohanga: he totoka, he kanapa ngā tae, he papatahi ngā mata, e āhei ai te whakatakoto paparanga tae. Ka tautokohia hoki e te tānga mata te whakaputanga nui me te tino ōrite.
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Te Uara Ataahua me te Hiranga o ngā Tikanga Tuku Iho
Kei te whai tikanga tonu ngā tikanga tā tuku iho nā te mea he kounga tirohanga e uaua ana ki te tārua katoa i roto i ngā pāpāho matihiko. Ko te kakano "ora" o te waituhi, ngā tohu pēhanga i runga i te pepa (ngā tohu pereti i roto i te intaglio), me ngā hapa iti e puta mai ana i te wā tā ka noho hei wāhanga o te tuakiri o te mahi. Hei tāpiri, ka ako te tukanga tuku iho i tētahi kaupapa mahi hanganga: te whakamahere whakaahua, te mārama ki ngā mea pai me ngā mea kino, te whakahaere putanga, tae noa ki te whiriwhiri pepa me te waituhi.
Ko tētahi atu painga ko tōna āhua "manapori": ka taea e te matihiko kotahi te whakaputa i ngā mahi toi maha, ka māmā ake te uru atu ki ngā mahi toi i te mahi toi kotahi (ahurei). Heoi, ka taea tonu e ngā kaitoi te pupuri i te motuhaketanga mā roto i ngā putanga iti, te tau, me te hainatanga.
Te Katinga
Ko ngā tikanga tānga tuku iho e whakaata ana i te ranunga o te pūkenga ā-ringa, te mōhiotanga rauemi, me te aro toi. Mai i te whakairo rakau kaha me te rerekē, ki te whakairo ātaahua me te taipitopito, ki te tuhi oro whai kiko, ki te mata hiraka māia me te hou, ka tukuna e ia tikanga he āhua ahurei e whakawhānui ana i ngā āheinga whakapuakitanga a te kaitoi. Mā te mārama ki ēnei tikanga ka whakarei ake i te hītori toi engari ka whakatuwhera hoki i te ara ki tētahi mahi auaha hohonu ake—nā te mea i roto i te tānga, he rite te hiranga o te tukanga ki te hua whakamutunga. Ki te whaihia, ka taea e te tānga tuku iho te noho hei wāhi tūhura mutunga kore: he ranunga o te whakamātautau, te manawanui, me ngā ohorere tirohanga ka puta mai i te ringaringa me te mīhini tā anake.
