Ụdị Plastik ndị a na-ere ere na otu esi eme ha
Pendahuluan
Plastik nkịtị aghọọla ihe dị mkpa ná ndụ kwa ụbọchị, nke a na-eji eme ihe dị iche iche, site na nkwakọ ngwaahịa nri ruo na ngwaahịa ndị ahịa. Agbanyeghị, mmetụta ọjọọ ya na gburugburu ebe obibi emeela ka a chọọ ihe ndị ọzọ na-adịghị emebi gburugburu ebe obibi, otu n'ime ha bụ plastik nwere ike imebi emebi. Plastik nwere ike imebi emebi bụ ụdị plastik nke ụmụ nje nwere ike ịgbawa ka ọ bụrụ ihe ndị na-adịghị emerụ gburugburu ebe obibi ahụ. Isiokwu a ga-akọwa ụdị plastik dị iche iche nwere ike imebi emebi dị na otu esi eme ha.
Ụdị plastik nwere ike imebi emebi
1. Polylactic Acid (PLA)
PLA bụ plastik a na-ere ere nke e ji ihe ndị a na-emegharị emegharị mee, dịka ọka ma ọ bụ okpete. A na-ejikarị PLA eme ihe na karama, nkwakọ nri, na ọbụna eriri maka mbipụta 3D. PLA nwere ike ire ere n'ebe a na-eme ka ihe ndị e ji agwakọta ihe dị n'ime ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe n'ime ọnwa 1-6.
2. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
PHA bụ polyester eke nke ụmụ nje na-emepụta site na ịgbaze shuga ma ọ bụ lipids. PHA nwere ọtụtụ ojiji, gụnyere imepụta akpa plastik, nkwakọ ngwaahịa, na ọbụna ụfọdụ ojiji ahụike. PHA nwere ike ire ere kpamkpam ma nwee ike ire ere ma n'akụkụ mmiri ma n'ala.
3. Plastik e ji starch mee
Plastik e ji starch mee bụ ngwakọta nke starch eke (nke a na-ejikarị ọka, poteto, ma ọ bụ ọka wit) na plastik sịntetik ma ọ bụ plastik ndị ọzọ a pụrụ ire ere. Enwere ike iji plastik e ji starch mee akpa ịzụ ahịa, ihe mkpuchi nri, na ọtụtụ ihe eji arụ ọrụ ugbo.
4. Polyglycolic Acid (PGA)
PGA bụ ụdị plastik a na-ere ere nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ọgwụgwọ dịka ihe e ji asa ahụ. PGA nwere ezigbo ihe ndị na-ere ere nke ọma ma nwee ike ire ere kpamkpam n'ime ọnwa ole na ole mgbe e tinyere ya n'ebe mmiri dị.
5. Polybutylene Succinate (PBS)
PBS bụ polyester a na-ere ere nke nwere ike ire ere nke ọma, nke nwere ihe ndị yiri plastik nkịtị (dịka polyethylene). A na-ejikarị PBS eme ihe na ngwugwu, ihe ndị a na-atụfu n'ime tebụl, na ihe ndị a na-eji arụ ọrụ ugbo. PBS nwere ike ire ere n'ime ala na mmiri.
6. Plastik ndị e ji cellulose mee
A na-eji cellulose, bụ́ isi ihe dị na mgbidi mkpụrụ osisi, eme plastik ndị a. A na-ejikarị plastik ndị a eme ihe n'imepụta ihe nkiri plastik, ihe mkpuchi, na ngwa nkwakọ ngwaahịa dị iche iche. Cellulose nwere ike ire ere n'onwe ya n'ime ọnwa ruo afọ, dabere na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi.
Otu esi eme plastik nwere ike imebi emebi
Usoro e si eme plastik nwere ike ire ere dị iche iche dabere n'ụdị plastik a na-emepụta. Lee ụfọdụ ụzọ a na-ejikarị eme plastik nwere ike ire ere:
Polylactic acid (PLA)
1. Mwepụta shuga
Usoro a na-amalite site n'iwepụta shuga site na osisi dịka ọka ma ọ bụ okpete. A na-agbaze shuga a site na nje bacteria iji mepụta lactic acid.
2. Mmepụta ihe e ji amịpụta ihe
Asịd lactic nke a na-esi na ya apụta na-agafe usoro polymerization iji mepụta polylactide, nke bụ ụdị polymer nke PLA.
3. Nhazi Ngwaahịa Ikpeazụ
A na-awụsa mmiri mmiri PLA n'ime ebu ma ọ bụ na-ewepụta ya iji mepụta ngwaahịa ikpeazụ dịka mpempe akwụkwọ plastik, karama, ma ọ bụ eriri maka mbipụta 3D.
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
1. Ịgba ụka
A na-akọ obere ihe ndị dị ndụ dịka nje bacteria n'ime ebe a na-agbakọ ihe nke ukwuu na carbon, dịka shuga ma ọ bụ lipids. Mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a na-emepụta PHA dị ka ebe nchekwa ike n'ụdị ntinye n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ha.
2. Mwepụ na Ịdị ọcha
Na-esote, a na-ewepụta PHA site na nje ndị ahụ ma sachaa ya iji wepụ ihe ndị na-abụghị PHA.
3. Nhazi Ngwaahịa Ikpeazụ
A na-ahazi ngwakọta PHA a dịka mkpa ụlọ ọrụ si dị, dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-eme ya ka ọ bụrụ akpa plastik ma ọ bụ ihe e ji echekwa ihe.
Plastics dabeere starch
1. Mwepụta Starch
A na-esi n'ihe ndị sitere n'okike dịka ọka, poteto, ma ọ bụ ọka wit enweta starch.
2. Ịgwakọta ya na plastik ndị ọzọ
A na-agwakọta starch a ewepụtara na plastik ndị ọzọ nwere ike ire ere ma ọ bụ ihe ndị na-ejikọ ọnụ, nke na-eme ka e nwee ihe mejupụtara ya nke enwere ike iji mee ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche.
3. Nhazi Ngwaahịa Ikpeazụ
A na-akpụzi ihe a site na ịkpụzi ma ọ bụ itinye ihe n'ime ngwaahịa ikpeazụ dịka akpa ịzụ ahịa ma ọ bụ ihe mkpuchi nri.
Polyglycolic acid (PGA)
1. Mmepụta Glycolide
A na-eme PGA site na polymerization nke glycolides, nke bụ diesters nke glycolic acid.
2. Ịdị ọcha
Mgbe emechara polymerization, a na-eme ka PGA dị ọcha ma mee ka ọ dị ọcha iji wepụ ihe ndị fọdụrụ na ihe fọdụrụ na usoro polymerization.
3. Nhazi Ngwaahịa Ikpeazụ
A pụrụ ịmepụta PGA dị njikere iji mee ngwaahịa ikpeazụ dịka ihe e ji asa ahụ ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ e ji etinye ọgwụ.
Polybutylene Succinate (PBS)
1. Mmepụta ihe e ji amịpụta ihe
A na-eme PBS site na copolymerization nke succinate na butandiol site na usoro polymerization nkịtị.
2. Ịdị ọcha
Mgbe emechara polymerization, a na-asacha PBS iji wepụ ihe ndị fọdụrụ na monomers na ihe ndị na-akpali akpali.
3. Nhazi Ngwaahịa Ikpeazụ
Enwere ike ịpụpụ ma ọ bụ kpụọ PBS dị ọcha iji mepụta ngwaahịa dị ka ihe eji agwakọta ihe ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri plastik.
Plastik ndị e ji cellulose mee
1. Mwepụ Cellulose
A na-esi n'ihe ndị sitere n'okike dịka osisi ma ọ bụ owu ewepụta cellulose.
2. Mgbanwe Kemịkalụ
A na-agbanwezi cellulose ewepụtara site na usoro kemịkalụ dịka esterification ma ọ bụ etherification iji melite njirimara ya dị ka plastik.
3. Nhazi Ngwaahịa Ikpeazụ
A na-eji cellulose agbanwere agbanwe eme ihe n'imepụta ngwaahịa ikpeazụ site na ịkpụzi ma ọ bụ ịpụpụ.
Mmechi
Plastik ndị a na-ere ere na-enye ngwọta dị mma maka gburugburu ebe obibi karịa plastik nkịtị, yana ụdị na ụzọ mmepụta dị iche iche ahaziri maka ojiji dị iche iche. Site n'ịghọta ụdị plastik ndị a na-ere ere na ụzọ mmepụta ha, anyị nwere ike ịhọrọ ma jiri ngwaahịa plastik mee ihe nke ọma iji chekwaa gburugburu ebe obibi.
Referensi
– Leja, K., & Lewandowicz, G. (2010). Mmebi nke polima na polima ndị a na-ere ere—nyocha. Akwụkwọ akụkọ Polish nke Ọmụmụ Gburugburu Ebe Obibi, 19(2), 255-266.
– Shah, A. A., Hassan, F., Hameed, A., & Ahmed, S. (2008). Mmebi nke plastik: Nyocha zuru oke. Ọganihu nke teknụzụ bayoteknoloji, 26(3), 246-265.
