Nhazi nke Mineral Dabere na Ihe mejupụtara Kemịkalụ
A na-ekewa mineral, ihe ndị sitere n'okike, ihe ndị na-adịghị n'okike nke na-emepụta ihe owuwu nkume, n'ụzọ dị iche iche dabere na ihe onwunwe ha. Otu ụzọ dị mkpa isi kewaa mineral ndị a bụ site na ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ ha. A nabatara usoro a nke ọma n'ọhịa nke mineralology n'ihi na ọ na-enye nghọta dị mkpa banyere mmalite nke mineral ahụ, ihe onwunwe ya, na ojiji ya nwere ike. Site n'ịghọta ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ ahụ, mmadụ nwere ike inweta nghọta miri emi banyere nhazi na omume nke mineral. N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-enyocha ụdị mineral ndị bụ isi dabere na ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ ha, na-egosi ụdịdị na mgbagwoju anya nke ihe ebube ndị a na-enye.
1. Silikates
Ọdịdị na Nhazi
Silicates bụ ụdị mineral kachasị ukwuu ma dị mkpa, nke mejupụtara ihe dị ka 90% nke ihe dị n'ime ala ụwa. Isi ihe owuwu nke silicates bụ silicon-oxygen tetrahedron (SiO₄)⁴⁻, ebe atọm silicon dị n'etiti ma jikọta ya na atọm oxygen anọ n'ime nhazi tetrahedral. Tetrahedron SiO₄ ọ bụla nwere ike ijikọ n'ụzọ dị iche iche, na-eduga na obere klas silicate dị iche iche.
Klas nke Silicates
– Nesosilicates: SiO₄ tetrahedra nke nwere njikọ site na cations. Ihe atụ: Olivine.
– Sorosilicates: SiO₄ tetrahedra abụọ na-ekerịta otu atọm oxygen. Ihe atụ: Epidote.
– Cyclosilicates: Nhazi mgbanaka nke SiO₄ tetrahedra mepụtara. Ihe atụ: Beryl.
– Inosilicates: Agbụ ígwè SiO₄ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ. Ihe atụ: Pyroxenes (agbụ ígwè otu), Amphiboles (agbụ ígwè abụọ).
– Phyllosilicates: Ọdịdị ndị yiri mpempe akwụkwọ nke SiO₄ tetrahedra kpụrụ. Ihe atụ: Micas.
– Tectosilicates: Usoro atọ nke SiO₄ tetrahedra. Ihe atụ: Quartz, Feldspar.
Mkpa na ngwa
Silikates dị oke mkpa n'ọtụtụ usoro ala na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Quartz na feldspar bụ ihe dị mkpa n'ime nkume igneous. A na-eji Micas eme ihe na eletrọniki, ebe mineral dị ka talc na kaolinite dị oke mkpa n'ọrụ ịchọ mma na akwụkwọ.
2. Kabọnatị
Ọdịdị na Nhazi
Carbonates nwere carbonate ion (CO₃)²⁻. Mineral ndị a na-etolitekarị site na usoro sedimentary, ọkachasị site na mkpokọta shells na ọkpụkpụ ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime mmiri. Akụkụ nhazi nke carbonates nwere atọm carbon etiti nke atọm oxygen gbara gburugburu na nhazi planar.
Isi ihe ndị dị na Carbonate
– Calcite (CaCO₃): mineral carbonate kachasị ewu ewu, nke na-emepụta nkume limestone na marble.
– Dolomite (CaMg(CO₃)₂): O yiri ka calcite mana o nwere magnesium.
– Aragonite (CaCO₃): Usoro kemịkalụ ahụ dị ka calcite mana nwere nhazi kristal dị iche.
Mkpa na ngwa
Carbonates na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa na okirikiri carbon ma bụrụkwa nnukwu ebe nchekwa carbon dioxide. N'ihe gbasara akụnụba, a na-eji ha arụ ọrụ n'iwu ụlọ (limestone na marble), na mmepụta lime (calcium oxide), na dịka ihe eji emepụta simenti.
3. Oxide
Ọdịdị na Nhazi
Mineral oxide nwere atọm oxygen ejikọtara na otu ma ọ bụ karịa ion metal. A na-emepụta ha site na oxidation nke ihe metal ma ọ bụ site na mgbanwe hydrothermal nke mineral ndị ọzọ.
Mineral Oxide dị mkpa
– Hematite (Fe₂O₃): Ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa na agba dị mkpa.
– Magnetite (Fe₃O₄): Ọla ígwè a ma ama maka ihe ndọta ya.
– Corundum (Al₂O₃): A na-eji ya eme ihe dị ka ihe e ji eme ka ihe ghara ịdị ọcha ma na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ nkume (rubi na sapphire).
Mkpa na ngwa
Oxides dị oke mkpa n'ihe gbasara akụ na ụba dịka mineral ọla maka mwepụta ígwè. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, hematite na magnetite bụ isi iyi ígwè. Corundum dị mkpa maka ma ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe (dịka ihe na-eme ka ihe dị nro) nakwa na ọla.
4. Sọlfatọ
Ọdịdị na Nhazi
Mineral Sulfate nwere sulfate anion (SO₄)²⁻. Mineral ndị a na-etolitekarị site na mmiri na-ekupụ n'ebe kpọrọ nkụ, nke na-eduga na mmiri ozuzo nke ihe ndị mejupụtara sulfate.
Mineral Sulfate dị mkpa
– Gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O): A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe n'ụlọ ọrụ owuwu maka plasta na mgbidi akọrọ.
– Anhydrite (CaSO₄): O yiri gypsum mana ọ nweghị mmiri.
Mkpa na ngwa
Gypsum bụ ihe kachasị mkpa n'iwu ụlọ, ọrụ ugbo (ịgwọ ala), na imepụta plasta nke Paris. A na-ejikwa Anhydrite eme ihe n'otu aka ahụ, mana ojiji ya adịghị iche iche n'ihi na mmiri anaghị agbaze.
5. Halides
Ọdịdị na Nhazi
Ihe ndị dị na Halide nwere ihe ndị na-eme ka ha dị ka halogen (dịka chlorine, fluorine) nke ejikọtara ya na ọtụtụ cations. Ndị a na-etolitekarị n'ebe a na-anaghị ekpofu mmiri ma a na-ahụkarị ha n'ime ala sedimentary.
Isi ihe ndị dị mkpa
– Halite (NaCl): A na-akpọkarị ya nnu nkume, ọ dị oke mkpa maka nchekwa nri na ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ.
– Fluorite (CaF₂): A na-eji ya eme ihe n'ọrụ mmepụta ihe, gụnyere mmepụta nke hydrofluoric acid na dịka ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe n'ịmepụta ígwè.
Mkpa na ngwa
Halidi dị mkpa ma n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ma ná ndụ kwa ụbọchị. Halite dị mkpa maka oriri mmadụ na dịka ihe na-eme ka icing dị ọcha. Fluorite dị mkpa n'imepụta kemịkalụ na ọrụ igwe.
6. Sulfide
Ọdịdị na Nhazi
Mineral sulfide nwere sọlfọ yana ọla na ọkara metal. Ha na-etolitekarị na akwara hydrothermal, ihe ndị na-ekupụ mmiri n'ime sedimentary, nakwa dị ka mineral zonal na usoro igneous.
Isi ihe ndị dị na Sulfide
– Galena (PbS): Isi iyi nke ndu.
– Pyrite (FeS₂): A na-akpọkarị ya "ọlaedo onye nzuzu," ọ dị mkpa maka ụlọ ọrụ sọlfọ na ígwè.
– Chalcopyrite (CuFeS₂): Ọla kọpa dị mkpa.
Mkpa na ngwa
Sulfide bụ isi ihe e ji ewepụta ọla dịka lead, copper, zinc, na nickel. Ha dịkwa mkpa maka mmepụta sulfuric acid na kemịkalụ ndị ọzọ e ji emepụta ihe.
mmechi
Nhazi nke mineral dabere na ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ na-ekpughe ụdị dị iche iche na mgbagwoju anya dị n'ime geology nke ụwa. Site n'ịghọta ọdịdị kemịkalụ nke mineral, anyị nwere ike ịghọta mmalite ha, ihe onwunwe ha, na ọtụtụ ojiji ha n'ọrụ mmadụ. Site na silicates zuru ebe niile nke na-emepụta ihe dị n'ime ala ruo na sulfide na oxides dị mkpa n'akụ na ụba, klaasị ọ bụla na-anọchite anya isiakwụkwọ pụrụ iche na akụkọ ala nke ụwa. Nkewa a abụghị naanị na-ejere ebumnuche agụmakwụkwọ ozi kamakwa ọ nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na igwu ala, usoro ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi, na ihe ndị ọzọ.
