Mgbanwe Ike na Mmepụta Ike
Mgbanwe ike bụ usoro nke ịtụgharị otu ụdị ike ka ọ bụrụ ụdị ọzọ bara uru karịa maka mkpa mmadụ. N'ihe gbasara mmepụta ọkụ eletrik, mgbanwe ike bụ isi ihe dị mkpa n'otú ụlọ ọrụ ike si emepụta ọkụ eletrik, nke a na-ekesa n'ezinụlọ, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ sistemụ mmepụta ike niile na-arụ ọrụ site na usoro mgbanwe ike - site na ike kemịkalụ, okpomọkụ, na ike igwe, n'ikpeazụ ruo ike eletrik. Ịghọta usoro mgbanwe a dị oke mkpa maka ịghọta uru, mmachi, arụmọrụ, na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke teknụzụ mmepụta ike ọ bụla.
1. Echiche ndị bụ isi nke ike na ọkụ eletrik
Ike enweghị ike ịmepụta ma ọ bụ bibie, mana ọ nwere ike ịgbanwe ọdịdị ya dịka iwu nchekwa ike si dị. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọkụ eletrik bụ ụdị ike metụtara mmegharị nke chaja eletriki (elektrọn). Na sistemụ ike , a na-emepụta ike eletriki site na jenereta, nke bụ igwe ndị na-agbanwe ike mekaniki (mgbanwe ntụgharị) ka ọ bụrụ ike eletriki dabere na ụkpụrụ nke induction electromagnetic. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, ọtụtụ jenereta na-elekwasị anya n'otu ebumnuche bụ isi: imepụta turbine ma ọ bụ ntụgharị shaft siri ike ma kwụsie ike iji chụpụ jenereta.
2. Usoro izugbe nke mgbanwe ike na ụlọ ọrụ ike
Ọ bụ ezie na ụdị ọkụ eletrik dị iche iche, usoro mgbanwe ike na-enwekarị otu ụdị:
1. Isi mmalite ike: dịka ọmụmaatụ kol, gas, uranium, mmiri, ifufe, anwụ, ma ọ bụ ike geothermal.
2. Mgbanwe ka ọ bụrụ ike etiti: ọtụtụ mgbe n'ụdị ike okpomọkụ (ọkụ) ma ọ bụ ike kinetic (mmụgharị mmiri).
3. Mgbanwe ka ọ bụrụ ike igwe: ịtụgharị turbine (uzuoku, gas, mmiri, ma ọ bụ ifufe).
4. Mgbanwe ka ọ bụrụ ike eletriki: ihe na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik.
5. Nnyefe na nkesa: a na-amụba ọkụ eletrik na voltaji, ezipụ ya site na netwọk ahụ, wee belata voltaji maka ojiji ndị ahịa.
N'ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ ike, a pụrụ ịgafe ụfọdụ nzọụkwụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, panel anyanwụ nwere ike ịgbanwe ike ọkụ ozugbo ka ọ bụrụ ọkụ eletrik na-enweghị turbine.
3. Ụlọ ọrụ ike uzuoku (PLTU): ike kemịkalụ → okpomọkụ → igwe → ọkụ eletrik
Ụlọ ọrụ ike ọkụ coal bụ ihe atụ a ma ama nke mgbanwe dị larịị. Ike kemịkalụ echekwara na kol na-apụta site na ọkụ n'ime boiler. Ọkụ nke si na ya pụta na-ekpo mmiri ọkụ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ uzuoku dị elu, nke na-enwe nrụgide dị elu. A na-etinye uzuoku a n'ime turbine uzuoku, nke na-atụgharị agụba ya. Mgbanwe nke turbine ahụ na-anya jenerato, na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik.
Enwere ike ịchịkọta usoro mgbanwe ahụ dị ka:
ike kemịkalụ (kol) → ike okpomọkụ (steam) → ike igwe (turbine) → ike eletriki (generator).
Isi ihe ịma aka nke ụlọ ọrụ ike ọkụ coal bụ oke arụmọrụ okpomọkụ ha n'ihi iwu thermodynamics, yana gas griin ha na ikuku ndị na-emetọ ihe. Ya mere, emepụtala teknụzụ dịka ụlọ ọrụ ike dị oke njọ/oke oke njọ na sistemụ njikwa mwepụta iji mee ka arụmọrụ dịkwuo mma ma belata mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi.
4. Ụlọ ọrụ ike ọkụ gas (PLTG/PLTGU): ike kemịkalụ → okpomọkụ/nrụgide → igwe → ọkụ eletrik
N'ime ụlọ ọrụ ike gas, a na-agba gas sitere n'okike ọkụ n'ime ụlọ ọkụ gas turbine. Ọkụ a na-esi na ya apụta na-emepụta gas dị ọkụ, nke nwere nrụgide dị elu nke na-agbagharị turbine gas ozugbo. A na-ejikọ turbine a na jenerato, na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik site na ike mekaniki na-agbanwe agbanwe.
Ọzọkwa, na sistemụ okirikiri a na-ejikọta ọnụ (PLTGU), a na-eji okpomọkụ sitere na gas ikuku gas eme ihe iji mepụta uzuoku nke na-akwali turbine uzuoku ọzọ. Nke a na-eme ka mgbanwe ike dịkwuo irè n'ihi na a naghị ajụ "okpomọkụ mkpofu" ozugbo. Sistemụ a na-eme ka arụmọrụ zuru oke nke osisi ahụ dịkwuo elu ma na-ebelata oriri mmanụ ọkụ kwa kWh nke ọkụ eletrik.
5. Ụlọ ọrụ ike hydroelectric (PLTA): ike nwere ike → kinetic → mekanikal → eletriki
Ụlọ ọrụ ike eletrik na-eji ike ndọda nke mmiri echekwara n'ebe dị elu (ebe nchekwa mmiri ma ọ bụ osimiri). Mgbe mmiri na-agafe na penstock (ebe nchekwa mmiri), ike a na-agbanwe ka ọ bụrụ ike kinetic (ọsọ ọsọ). Mmiri a na-agbanwe turbine mmiri (dịka turbine Francis, Kaplan, ma ọ bụ Pelton), nke na-agbanwe jenerato iji mepụta ọkụ eletrik.
Usoro mgbanwe ahụ:
ike nke mmiri → ike kinetic → ike mekaniki nke turbine → ike eletriki.
Ụlọ ọrụ ike eletrik anaghị achọ ọkụ, nke na-ebute obere ikuku ndị na-abata n'ime mmiri. Agbanyeghị, iwu mgbidi mmiri nwere ike imetụta gburugburu ebe obibi, nsị mmiri, na mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ógbè ndị gbara ya gburugburu.
6. Ụlọ ọrụ ike ikuku (PLTB): ike kinetic nke ikuku → mekaniki → eletriki
Igwe ikuku na-eji ike ikuku na-agagharị agagharị (PLTB) eme ihe. Ifufe na-atụgharị agụba turbine (rotor). A na-ebufe ntụgharị a na jenereta (mgbe ụfọdụ site na gearbox, mgbe ụfọdụ direct-drive) iji mepụta ọkụ eletrik.
Usoro a:
ike ikuku nke ikuku → ike igwe rotor → ike eletriki.
Uru ya gụnyere ịbụ isi iyi ike mmeghari ohuru na enweghị ihe ọ bụla na-emepụta n'oge ọrụ. Mmachi ya dị n'ụdị ikuku na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke na-eme ka mmepụta eletriki ya ghara ịdịgide, nke chọrọ sistemụ nhazi grid, nchekwa ike, ma ọ bụ njikọta ya na jenereta ndị ọzọ.
7. Ụlọ ọrụ ike anyanwụ (PLTS): ike radiant → ọkụ eletrik
Ụlọ ọrụ ike anyanwụ nke fotovoltaic na-arụ ọrụ na ụkpụrụ nke mmetụta fotovoltaic: foton sitere na anyanwụ na-akụ ihe semiconductor (dị ka silicon), wee mepụta mmegharị nke elektrọn, na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik. Usoro ntụgharị ahụ dị mkpụmkpụ:
ike radieshọn anyanwụ → ike eletriki.
Agbanyeghị, ọkụ eletrik sitere na panel anyanwụ bụ ọkụ eletrik kpọmkwem (DC), nke chọrọ ka inverter gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ ọkụ eletrik na-agbanwe agbanwe (AC) ka ọ dabara na grid ahụ. Dịka ifufe si dị, ike anyanwụ na-agbanwe agbanwe, yabụ mmepụta ya dabere na ihu igwe, ebe ọ dị, na oge ụbọchị.
E wezụga fotovoltaics, e nwekwara ụlọ ọrụ ike anyanwụ na-ekpo ọkụ (CSP) nke na-etinye okpomọkụ anyanwụ iji mepụta uzuoku ma gbanwee turbine - nke yiri nke ụlọ ọrụ ike ọkụ coal, mana isi iyi okpomọkụ sitere na anyanwụ.
8. Ụlọ ọrụ ike Geothermal (PLTP): geothermal → mekaniki → eletriki
Ụlọ ọrụ ike geothermal (PLTP) na-eji okpomọkụ sitere n'ime ụwa kpoo mmiri ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri n'ime ebe nchekwa geothermal. Mmiri ọkụ a nwere ike ịbụ uzuoku kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ mmiri ọkụ nke a na-ekupụ site na usoro akọwapụtara. Uzuoku ahụ na-agbanwe turbines na jenerato, na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik.
Sekit mgbanwe:
ike geothermal → ike okpomọkụ mmiri mmiri → ike igwe turbine → ike eletriki.
Ụlọ ọrụ ike geothermal (PLTP) nwere uru nke ịbụ ndị na-emepụta ihe na-ebu ibu n'ihi nkwụsi ike ha ma e jiri ya tụnyere ike ifufe na anyanwụ, yana obere ikuku ha na-ekupụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụlọ ọrụ ike mmanụ ọkụ. Ihe ịma aka gụnyere ọnụ ahịa nchọpụta, ihe egwu igwu ala, na njikwa mmiri mmiri na gas ndị na-emerụ emerụ.
9. Ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma na mfu ike na ntụgharị
Ọkwa mgbanwe ọ bụla na-eso mfu ike, nke na-abụkarị n'ụdị okpomọkụ furu efu n'ihi esemokwu, nguzogide eletriki, ma ọ bụ mmachi teknụzụ. Ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma na-akọwa etu ike ntinye si agbanwe ka ọ bụrụ ike eletriki mmepụta.
N'ime ụlọ ọrụ ike ọkụ (kol, gas, nuklia), ọdịiche okpomọkụ dị n'etiti isi iyi okpomọkụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na-emetụta arụmọrụ nke ukwuu, dịka ụkpụrụ thermodynamic si dị. N'ime ụlọ ọrụ ike mmeghari ohuru dịka ifufe na anyanwụ, arụmọrụ na-adabere na njirimara ngwaọrụ (turbine aerodynamics, ịdị mma nke mkpụrụ ndụ anyanwụ) na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi.
Na mgbakwunye na mmepụta ike, mfu ike na-emekwa na nnyefe na nkesa n'ihi mgbochi waya na akụrụngwa, yabụ atụmatụ netwọk dị oke mkpa iji nọgide na-enwe mma ọkọnọ.
10. Mmechi
Mgbanwe ike n'ime mmepụta ọkụ eletrik bụ usoro agbụ nke na-agbanwe ike dị iche iche dị mkpa ka ọ bụrụ ike eletrik a na-eji eme ihe. Ụlọ ọrụ ike a na-eji coal (PLTU) na ụlọ ọrụ ike a na-eji ihe ndị sitere n'okike eme ihe na-adabere n'ịgbanwe ike kemịkal ka ọ bụrụ okpomọkụ wee bụrụ mmegharị, ebe ụlọ ọrụ ike hydroelectric na ikuku (PLTA) na-eji ike nke mmegharị mmiri ozugbo iji tụgharịa turbines. Ụlọ ọrụ ike anyanwụ fotovoltaic (PLTS) nwere ike ịgbanwe radieshon anyanwụ ozugbo ka ọ bụrụ ọkụ eletrik na-enweghị usoro igwe. Teknụzụ ọ bụla nwere njirimara mgbanwe ike dị iche iche, arụmọrụ, ọnụ ahịa, na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ọdịnihu, imeziwanye arụmọrụ ntụgharị, ịgbasa ojiji nke ike mmeghari ohuru, na ijikọta nchekwa ike na grid smart ga-abụ isi ihe na-eme ka ọchịchọ na-eto eto maka ọkụ eletrik dịkwuo mma ma na-adịgide adịgide.
