Ịgbakọ Nguzogide na Circuits
Sekit eletriki bụ isi ihe na-eme ka mmepe teknụzụ nke oge a sikwuo ike. Isi ihe dị mkpa n'ịghọta otu sekit ndị a si arụ ọrụ bụ echiche nke iguzogide. Nguzogide bụ ihe a na-atụ anya ya site n'otú sekit si egosipụta ngagharị nke ọkụ eletrik, ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịchọpụta otu esi ekesa ma jiri ike eletrik eme ihe. N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-enyocha isi ihe ndị bụ isi nke iguzogide, ụzọ maka ịgbakọ ya na ụdị sekit dị iche iche, na ojiji bara uru nke paramita eletriki dị mkpa a.
Ịghọta Nguzogide
A na-atụ nguzogide (R) na ohms (Ω) ma bụrụkwa ihe dị mkpa nke ihe ndị na-egosi etu ha si eguzogide mmiri ọkụ eletrik. Onye ọkà mmụta sayensị German bụ́ Georg Simon Ohm webatara echiche ahụ na mmalite narị afọ nke 19, nke mere ka e dee Iwu Ohm, nke na-ekwu, sị:
\[V = IR \]
ebe \(V \) bụ voltaji (na volt), \(I \) bụ ugbu a (na amperes), na \(R \) bụ iguzogide.
Ihe Ndị Na-emetụta Nguzogide
Ọtụtụ ihe na-emetụta nguzogide nke ihe:
1. Ihe eji arụ ọrụ: Ihe dị iche iche nwere ike iguzogide ihe dị iche iche. Ígwè dịka ọla kọpa na aluminom enweghị ike iguzogide ihe dị ala, nke na-eme ka ha bụrụ ezigbo ndị na-eduzi ihe, ebe ihe dịka rọba na iko nwere ike iguzogide ihe dị elu.
2. Ogologo: Nguzogide na-abawanye ka ogologo nke onye na-eduzi ya. Waya dị ogologo na-emegidekwa mmiri ọkụ.
3. Mpaghara nkewa: Waya nwere mpaghara nkewa buru ibu nwere ike iguzogide obere ike karịa waya dị gịrịgịrị.
4. Okpomọkụ: Maka ọtụtụ ihe ndị na-eduzi ihe, iguzogide na-abawanye ka okpomọkụ na-arị elu. Agbanyeghị, n'ụfọdụ ihe dịka semiconductor, iguzogide na-ebelata ka okpomọkụ na-arị elu.
Ịgbakọ Nguzogide na Circuits Dị Mfe
Usoro sekit
N'ime sekit usoro, a na-ejikọ ihe mejupụtara ya site na njedebe ruo na njedebe, otu ọkụ eletrik ahụ na-agafe na akụkụ ọ bụla. Nguzogide zuru oke (\( R_{total} \)) nke sekit ahụ bụ mkpokọta nke nguzogide nke ọ bụla:
\[ R_{ngụkọta} = R_1 + R_2 + R_3 + \ldot + R_n \]
Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na e nwere resistors atọ nwere resistors nke 10 Ω, 20 Ω, na 30 Ω ejikọtara na usoro, nguzogide zuru oke bụ:
\[ R_{total} = 10\, \Omega +20\,Omega +30\,Omega = 60\,Omega \]
Myirịta sekit
N'ime sekit parallel, a na-ejikọ ihe mejupụtara ya n'ofe isi ihe ma ọ bụ njikọ ndị a na-ahụkarị, voltaji dị n'akụkụ nke ọ bụla bụkwa otu. A na-ahụ nguzogide zuru oke nke sekit parallel site na iji nchikota nke nguzogide nke onye ọ bụla:
\[ \frac{1}{R_{total}} = \frac{1}{R_1} + \frac{1}{R_2} + \frac{1}{R_3} + \ldot + \frac{1}{R_n} \]
Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na njikọ resistors atọ nwere resistors nke 10 Ω, 20 Ω, na 30 Ω n'otu oge, nguzogide zuru oke bụ:
\[ \frac{1}{R_{ngụkọta}} = \frac{1}{10\, \Omega} + \frac{1}{20\, \Omega} + \frac{1}{30\, \Omega} \]
\[ \frac{1}{R_{mkpokọta}} = 0.1 + 0.05 + 0.0333 \]
\[ \frac{1}{R_{mkpokọta}} = 0.1833 \]
\[ R_{ngụkọta} = \frac{1}{0.1833} \ihe dị ka 5.46\, \Omega \]
Sekit njikọta
N'ime sekit ebe a na-ahazi resistors n'usoro na njikọta parallel, ịkwesịrị kewaa sekit ahụ ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ dị mfe. Gbakọọ nguzogide nhata maka ngalaba usoro na parallel iche iche wee jikọta ha nke ọma.
Tụlee sekit njikọta nwere resistors atọ \(R_1 \), \(R_2 \), na \(R_3 \), ebe \(R_1 \) na \(R_2 \) nọ n'otu oge na njikọta ha dị n'usoro na \(R_3 \).
Nzọụkwụ 1: Gbakọọ nguzogide nhata nke ngalaba parallel ahụ:
\[ \frac{1}{R_{parallel}} = \frac{1}{R_1} + \frac{1}{R_2} \]
Nzọụkwụ nke 2: Tinye usoro resistor \( R_3 \):
\[ R_{mkpokọta} = R_{ntụnyere} + R_3 \]
Ngwa bara uru na echiche
Nhazi Circuit
Ịghọta nguzogide dị oke mkpa maka imepụta sekit eletriki na eletrọniki. N'ịmepụta sekit, ndị injinia ga-ahụ na ihe mejupụtara ya na-enweta voltaji na ugbu a ziri ezi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, njupụta nke resistors na-enyere aka ijikwa mmiri ugbu a na ichekwa ihe ndị dị nro. Ọ bụrụ na a tụlee nguzogide kwesịrị ekwesị, ọ nwere ike ibute oke okpomọkụ, nsogbu, ma ọ bụ ọdịda nke sekit ahụ.
Sipkpa ike
Ihe mgbochi na-agbanwe ike eletriki ka ọ bụrụ okpomọkụ. Dịka usoro ike si dị:
\[ P = I^2 R \]
ebe \(P \) bụ ike (na watts). Ndị na-emepụta ihe ga-ahụ na resistors nwere ike ijikwa ike ha na-agbasa. Iji resistors nwere ọkwa ike dị elu karịa nke a gbakọrọ agbakọ na-enyere aka igbochi mmebi.
Mgbanwe Resistors na Potentiometers
N'ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ eletrọniki, a na-eji resistors mgbanwe (potentiometers) emezi akụkụ dịka olu ma ọ bụ ike. Resistors ndị a na-enye ndị ọrụ ohere ịgbanwe resistors na sekit, si otú a na-agbanwe nkesa ugbu a na voltaji.
Mmetụta okpomọkụ
N'iji usoro ziri ezi, a ga-atụle mmetụta okpomọkụ na iguzogide. Ihe mmetụta dịka thermistors (resistors dabere na okpomọkụ) na-eji mgbanwe na iguzogide okpomọkụ eme ihe iji tụọ ma chịkwaa ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi. Ndị injinia na-ejikarị ihe nwere obere okpomọkụ eme ihe maka ngwa ebe iguzogide siri ike n'elu okpomọkụ dị iche iche dị mkpa.
Isiokwu ndị dị elu
Impedance dị mgbagwoju anya
Na sekit AC (ala mgbanwe ugbu a), nguzogide bụ akụkụ nke nguzogide, nke gụnyekwara mmeghachi omume sitere na inductor na capacitors. Nkwụsị bụ ọnụọgụ dị mgbagwoju anya, na-ejikọta nguzogide (\( R \)), nkwụsịtụ mmeghachi omume (\( X_L \)), na nkwụsịtụ mmeghachi omume (\( X_C \)):
\[ Z = R + j(X_L – X_C) \]
Ebe \( j \) bụ nkeji echiche efu. Oke nke impedance na-emetụta ọkụ AC dị na sekit na akụkụ nkebi ya.
Superconductors
Ndị na-eme ka ihe ndị a na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma bụ ihe ndị na-anaghị eguzogide ihe ọ bụla n'okpuru okpomọkụ dị oke mkpa. Ihe ndị a nwere ike itinye n'ọrụ n'ịmepụta ahịrị nnyefe ike dị irè nke ukwuu yana electromagnets dị ike maka onyonyo ahụike na ihe na-eme ka ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị mfe.
mmechi
Ịgbakọ ihe mgbochi na sekit bụ ihe ọmụma dị mkpa nye onye ọ bụla metụtara na eletrọniki ma ọ bụ injinia eletriki. Ma ọ bụ ijikwa sekit usoro dị mfe, njikọta dị mgbagwoju anya, ma ọ bụ ihe ndị metụtara impedance dị elu, nghọta na ịgbakọ ihe mgbochi na-eme ka sistemụ eletriki rụọ ọrụ nke ọma na ntụkwasị obi. Site n'ịghọta ụkpụrụ nke iguzogide, ndị na-emepụta ihe na ndị injinia nwere ike ịmepụta ngwọta dị irè, dị nchebe, na nke ọhụrụ iji mezuo ihe ndị na-eto eto nke teknụzụ na ụlọ ọrụ.
