Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya Na-ekwu Maka Nhazi Kemịkalụ n'Ụwa Ụlọ Ọrụ Mmepụta Ihe
Nha nhata kemịkalụ bụ echiche dị oke mkpa na kemistri ma a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ngalaba ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. N'ime mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ, nha nhata na-eme mgbe ọnụego mmeghachi omume n'ihu hà nhata ọnụego mmeghachi omume azụ, nke mere na njupụta nke ihe ndị na-emeghachi omume na ngwaahịa na-anọgide na-agbanwe agbanwe ka oge na-aga. Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ, dị ka ọgwụ, petrochemicals, na nhazi nri, na-adabere nke ukwuu n'ịghọta na ijikwa nha nhata kemịkalụ iji melite mmepụta na arụmọrụ. Isiokwu a ga-atụle ọtụtụ ihe atụ nke nsogbu metụtara nha nhata kemịkalụ n'ọnọdụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na otu esi edozi ha.
Ajụjụ Ihe atụ nke 1: Ụlọ ọrụ Amonia (Usoro Haber-Bosch)
Ajụjụ:
Usoro Haber-Bosch na-emepụta ammonia (NH)3) site na nitrogen (N2) na haịdọn (H2) dịka mmeghachi omume si dị:
\[ \ederede{N}_2(g) + 3\ederede{H}_2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2\ederede{NH}_3(g) \]
Na 500 K, ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe (Kc ) maka mmeghachi omume a bụ 6.0 x 10^-2. Ọ bụrụ na anyị amalite na 1.00 mol N 2 na 3.00 mol H 2 na reactor nwere olu nke 1.00 L, gbakọọ mkpokọta nke ihe ọ bụla na nhazi.
Azịza:
1. Chọpụta mgbanwe dị na mkpokọta maka ihe ọ bụla dị na sistemụ ahụ.
\[ \ederede{N}_2(g) + 3\ederede{H}_2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2\ederede{NH}_3(g) \]
Ka x bụrụ ntụpọ nke NH3 nke a na-emepụta na nguzozi, mgbe ahụ mgbanwe na nguzozi bụ dị ka ndị a:
- N2: -x mol/L
- H2: -3x mol/L
– NH3: +2x mol/L
2. Hazie nha nha nha dabere na nha nha nhata (K)c):
\[
K_c = \frac{[\text{NH}_3]^2}{[\text{N}_2][\text{H}_2]^3} = 6.0 \ugboro 10^{-2}
\]
Ntinye uche mbụ na mgbanwe na ntinye uche:
– [N2] = 1.00 – x
– [H]2] = 3.00 – 3x
– [NH]3] = 2x
3. Tinye ụkpụrụ ndị a n'ime nha nhata:
\[
6.0 \ugboro 10^{-2} = \frac{(2x)^2}{(1.00 – x)(3.00 – 3x)^3}
\]
4. Gbakọọ uru nke x site na iji nnwale na njehie ma ọ bụ usoro ọnụọgụgụ ndị ọzọ iji dozie nha nhata ahụ.
Mgbe mgbakọ ahụ gasịrị, anyị ga-enweta x = 0.46. Ya mere:
– [N2] = 1.00 - 0.46 = 0.54 mol/l
– [H]2] = 3.00 - 3 (0.46) = 1.62 mol/L
– [NH]3] = 2(0.46) = 0.92 mol/L
Ajụjụ Ihe Nlereanya nke 2: Ụlọ Ọrụ Sulfuric Acid (Usoro Kpọtụrụ)
Ajụjụ:
N'ime usoro kọntaktị, mgbanwe nke sọlfọ dioxide (SO2)2) ka ọ bụrụ sọlfọ trioxide (SO2)3) site na mmeghachi omume:
\[ 2\text{SO}_2(g) + \text{O}_2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2\text{SO}_3(g) \]
Nha nhata (Kc ) maka mmeghachi omume a na 600 K bụ 350. Ọ bụrụ na ihe nrụpụta ahụ nwere 0.50 mol SO2 , 0.25 mol O2 , na 0.10 mol SO3 , gbakọọ mkpokọta nke ihe ndị dị na nha nhata na olu nke 2.00 L.
Azịza:
1. Chọpụta ntinye mbụ:
– [SO]2]awal = 0.50 mol / 2.00 L = 0.25 M
– [O]2]awal = 0.25 mol / 2.00 L = 0.125 M
– [SO]3]awal = 0.10 mol / 2.00 L = 0.05 M
2. Ka x bụrụ mgbanwe dị na ntinye SO.3 nke e guzobere na nguzozi:
– [SO]2]: 0.25 – x
– [O]2]: 0.125 – \(\frac{x}{2}\)
– [SO]3]: 0.05 + x
3. Tinye n'ime nha nha nhata:
\[
350 = \frac{(0.05 + x)^2}{(0.25 – x)^2 \cdot (0.125 – \frac{x}{2})}
\]
4. Site n'ịchọpụta usoro a (iji usoro ọnụọgụgụ ma ọ bụ iji ihe mgbakọ na mwepụ nwere ike ịhazi), a chọpụtara na x = 0.165. Mgbe ahụ:
– [SO]2] = 0.25 – 0.165 = 0.085 M
– [O]2] = 0.125 – \(\frac{0.165}{2}\) = 0.0425 M
– [SO]3] = 0.05 + 0.165 = 0.215 M
Ajụjụ Ihe atụ nke 3: Mmepụta Ethylbenzene
Ajụjụ:
N'ime mmepụta nke ethylbenzene, a na-emepụta styrene site na dehydrogenation nke ethylbenzene (C)6H5CH2CH3):
\[ \ederede{C}_6\ederede{H}_5\ederede{CH}_2\ederede{CH}_3(g) \rightleftharpoons \ederede{C}_6\ederede{H}_5\ederede{CH=CH}_2(g) + \ederede{H}_2(g) \]
Ọ bụrụ na nhazi nguzozi (Kc ) maka mmeghachi omume a na 700 K bụ 2.5, ma enwere 1.0 mol nke ethylbenzene na olu nke 1.0 L, gbakọọ ntinye ahụ na nhazi.
Azịza:
1. Chọpụta ntinye mbụ:
– [C]6H5CH2CH3] = 1.0 M
– [C]6H5CH=CH2] = 0 M (n'ihi na ọ gbasabeghị)
– [H]2] = 0 M
2. Ka x bụrụ mgbanwe na njupụta nke C6H5CH=CH2 nke e guzobere na nguzozi:
– [C]6H5CH2CH3]: 1.0 – x
– [C]6H5CH=CH2]: x
– [H]2]: x
3. Tinye n'ime nha nha nhata:
\[
2.5 = \frac{x \cdot x}{1.0 – x} = \frac{x^2}{1.0 – x}
\]
4. Site na idozi nha nhata quadratic a, a chọpụtara na x = 0.62. Mgbe ahụ:
– [C]6H5CH2CH3] = 1.0 – 0.62 = 0.38 M
– [C]6H5CH=CH2] = 0.62 M
– [H]2] = 0.62 M
N'ihe atụ atọ a, anyị ahụla otu esi etinye echiche nke nguzozi kemịkalụ n'ọnọdụ ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche. Nguzozi kemịkalụ bụ ụkpụrụ dị mkpa ma dị oke mkpa n'usoro ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ebe ọ bụ na njikwa ziri ezi nke nguzozi kemịkalụ nwere ike ime ka arụmọrụ mmepụta na ịdị mma ngwaahịa ka mma. Nghọta zuru oke nke nguzozi kemịkalụ na-enye onye injinia ma ọ bụ onye ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ohere ịhazi ma rụọ ọrụ nke ọma.
